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SocPsy - Week 3
Social Psychology with Professor Scott Plous
Term | Definition |
---|---|
priming | Activating particular associations in memory. |
embodied cognition | The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments. |
belief perseverance | Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives. |
misinformation effect | Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it. |
controlled processing | “Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious. |
automatic processing | “Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to “intuition.” |
overconfidence phenomenon | The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs. |
confirmation bias | A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions. |
heuristic | A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments. |
representativeness heuristic | The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member. |
availability heuristic | A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace. |
counterfactual thinking | Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t. |
illusory correlation | Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists. |
illusion of control | Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one’s control or as more controllable than they are. |
regression toward the average | The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average. |
misattribution | Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source. |
dispositional attribution | Attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits. |
situational attribution | Attributing behavior to the environment. |
attribution theory | The theory of how people explain others’ behavior—for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations. |
spontaneous trait inference | An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior. |
fundamental attribution error | The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior. (Also called correspondence bias because we so often see behavior as corresponding to a disposition.) |
self-fulfilling prophecy | A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. |
behavioral confirmation | A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations. |
social loafing | The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable. (Opposite is "social facilitation"). |