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Cellular Science
H20, Carbohydrates..
| Question | Answer | answer cont |
|---|---|---|
| List and understand 5 characteristics of water. 1- | 1.cohesiveness: attraction to other water molec. (surface tension) 2.adhesiveness: attraction of unlike or dissimilar substances. (capillary tube is an example) 3.high specific heat: amount of heat needed to raise temp of 1 g of subs 1 deg cel | |
| List and understand 5 characteristics of water. 2- | 4. high heat of vaporization. amt of heat req to covert liquid to gas 5.very good solvent. most important chemical reactions take place in water. | |
| What is pH? | pH is the proton [ ] in a solvent. It is the measure of acidity. | |
| Why is pH important? | Most biological processes occur in pH range 6-7. Enzymes and proteins denature if to acidic or basic. | |
| What is an acid? | An acid releases a proton in solution | |
| What is a base? | A base gains a proton in solution. | |
| What is an ionic bond? | These bonds form between ions. Electrons are transferred (gained/lost) | |
| What is a covalent bond? | form between atoms. Are the strongest. Share electrons. | |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | These bonds form between molecules. One molecule has a very e- negative atom (O, N, S) and and other molecule has an H. These are not "true" bonds. Found in proteins and nucleic acids | |
| What is a hydrophobic interaction? | When nonpolar parts of molecules associate. ie membrane spanning proteins, like phosolipids. | |
| What are Van der Waals Forces? | These appear when two molecules approach each other. They are the WEAKEST. Complementary shapes promote binding. | |
| What is an isomer? | Isomers are structures that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structure. An example is glucose and fructose. | |
| Describe the chemical unit(s) of carbohydrates | composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | |
| Detail the chemical bonding present in a carbohydrate. | The chemical bonding present is | |
| Differentiate between 3 main types of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides- | Monosaccharides are single or simple sugars. They are the basic unit of carbohydrates. 5-6 carbons. Can exist in Ring or inear | |
| List 3 main functions of carbohydrates. | Help for structural support, Storing energy, and immediate energy | |
| Give 3 examples of carbohydrates. | Chitin, cellulose, glucose | |
| Describe lactose intolerance. | people are unable to metabolize lactose. They lack the enzyme lactase. | |
| Describe the basic chemical unit(s) of a lipid. | they contain C, H, and some N and P. Have an ester bond linkage. | |
| Detail the chemical bonding present in a lipid. | They have more C-H bonds than carbs, on a per gram basis. They are nonpolar and insoluble in H2O. | |
| Differentiate between the 4 main types of lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids. | Triglycerides are a 3 fatty acid chain linked to glycerol. Phospholipids have Phosphate, waxes are esters of fatty acids or long chains alcohol chains of | |
| List 4 main functions of lipids | store energy, cell structure, protection, chemical regulators | |
| Relate the impact of trans fat on health. | increase chance of coronary heart disease. Raise LDL (bad) and lower HDL | |
| Give 4 examples of lipids. | PC maj phospholipid in human. PE major phospholipid in bacteria, cholesterol, Vitamin A, Vitamin D | |
| Describe metabolic syndrome. | Cluster of conditions when any 3 appear dx with Metabolic Syn: 1. inc BP >130/85. having this incr risk of heart dis., diabetes, stroke. 2. inc blood sugar >100 3. excessive body fat around waist 4. high triglycerides >150 and/or low HDL <40 | medication is exercise, and diet. also called IR syndrome or syndrome X |
| Describe the basic chemical unit(s) of a protein. | basic unit is amino acid, H2-NRHC-OH=O. Each amino acid has unique R side group | |
| Name an essential amino acid. | luecine | |
| List characteristics of amino acids correlated to function. | hydrolysis reaction two amino acids interact forming peptide bond. | |
| Detail the chemical bonding present in a protein. | polymer of amino aacids | |
| Differentiate between a dipeptide, polypeptide, and protein. | Its molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds. | |
| List 5 main functions of proteins. | 1. catalyze reactions, buffers, transporting molecules, protection- fibrin (blood clotting), hormones | |
| Give 5 examples of proteins. | insulin, collagen, keratin, myosin, dyenin | |
| Describe a role of proteins in Alzheimer disease. | ||
| Detail a role of proteins in Parkinson disease. | alpha synuclein forms cytoplasimc granules called lewey bodies. these impair mitochondria and nueron degradation | |
| Cite a role of proteins in vCreutzfeldt-Jacob disease. | Prions make hole like structures in brain. Smallest infectious agents | |
| Describe the basic chemical unit(s) of a nucleic acid. | 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base | |
| Detail the chemical bonding present in a nucleic acid. | basic unit is nucleotide linked together with phosphodiester bond | |
| Differentiate between DNA and RNA. | DNA carries sugar deoxyribose, RNA carries sugar ribose, DNA double stranded RNA single. RNA directly codes for nucleic acids. DNA stores and transfers genetic info | |
| Describe the physical structure of DNA. | ddle helix, 2 polynucleotide chains that are anti-parallel to each other. A2T, G3C | |
| Name three forces that stabilize the DNA double helix. | A2T, G3C hydrogen bonds, and base stacking | |
| Discuss Watson and Crick’s discovery. | discovered that DNA was double helical | |
| Trace Rosalind Franklin’s career. | took picture of DNA that confirmed that DNA was double helical. died of ovarian cancer at 37 before could win Nobel Prize | |
| Relate Erwin Chargaff’s discovery. | adenine and thymine units =. cytosine and guanine units =. | |
| Identify 3 forms of DNA. | A DNA-right handed helix, low humidty B DNA-right handed helix- predominant form active Z DNA- left handed helix, inactive regualtory | |
| List 3 main functions of nucleic acids. | 1. genetic material, enzymes, regulation of gene expression | |
| Describe rickets. | Deficiency in Vitamin D. softening of bone. |
Created by:
omartinez8
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