Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
RESP Symptoms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Signs & Examples | Subjective. Patient description. Measured by patient perception. Examples: pain, cough, SOB |
| Symptoms & Examples | Objective. Measurable. Assessed values. Examples: heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate. |
| What are the primary symptoms of cardiopulmonary disorders? | 1. Cough 2. Sputum Production 3. Hemoptysis 4. Shortness of breath (dyspnea) 5. Chest pain |
| Cough | Is a protective reflex. You have a stimulation of receptors: pharynx, larynx, large bronchi, lung and visceral pleura |
| Cough is caused by: | inflammatory, mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimulation of cough receptors |
| Possible causes of inflammatory stimulation: | Infection, lung abscess, drug reaction, allergy. |
| Possible causes of mechanical stimulation: | Inhaled dust, suction catheter, food |
| Possible causes of obstructive stimulation: | Foreign bodies, aspirations of nasal secretions, tumor |
| Possible causes of chemical stimulation: | Inhaled irritant gases, fumes, smoke |
| Possible causes of temperature stimulation: | Inhaled hot or cold air |
| Two pathways of cough: | 1. Afferent Pathway - vagus, phrenic, glossopharyngeal, trigeminal nerves. 2. Efferent Pathway - smooth muscles of larynx and tracheobronchial tree via phrenic, spinal nerves |
| Phases of Cough: | 1. Inspiratory 2. Compression 3. Expiratory |
| Reduced effectiveness of cough: | Weakness of inspiratory/expiratory muscles. Inability of glottis to open/close correctly. Obstruction/alteration of shape of the airways. Decrease in lung recoil (emphysema). Abnormal quality of mucus. |
| Acute Clinical Presentation: | Sudden onset. Severe. Self-limiting (viral infection) |
| Chronic Clinical Presentation and Causes: | Persistent. Lasts > 3 weeks. Causes = asthma, COPD, GERD, chronic bronchitis, allergic rhinitis |
| Paroxysmal Clinical Presentation: | Periodic. Prolonged, forceful episodes. |
| Associated Symptoms of Cough | 1. Wheezing 2. Stridor 3. Chest Pain 4. Dyspnea |
| Complications of Cough: | 1. Torn Chest Muscle 2. Rib Fracture 3. Disruption of Surgical Wounds 4. Syncope 5. Arrhythmia 6. Esophageal Rupture 7. Incontinence (Urinary) 8. Pneumothorax |
| Sputum Production: | 1. Sputum: secretions from tracheobronchial tree, pharynx, mouth, sinuses, nose 2. Phlegm: secretions from lungs and tracheobronchial tree |
| Components of Sputum | Mucus, cell debris, microorganisms, blood, pus, foreign particles |
| Normal Sputum Production: | 100 mL/day |
| Abnormal Sputum Production | excessive production by inflamed glands. Caused by: infection, smoking, allergies |
| Hemoptysis | Sputum containing blood. (streaking to frank bleeding) |
| What causes hemoptysis? (5) | 1. Bronchopulmonary 2. Cardiovascular 3. Hematologic 4. Systemic disorders 5. Tuberculosis/fungal infection |
| Description of Hemoptysis | 1. Amount: MASSIVE - 400 ml/3h or 600 ml/24h (emergency condition - cancer, TB, trauma). STREAKY - pulmonary infection, lung cancer, thromboemboli. 2. Odor 3. Color 4. Acuteness |
| Hematemesis | Vomited blood. 1. Oropharynx - swallowed from respiratory tract 2. Esophagus/Stomach - alcoholism or cirrhosis of liver |
| Shortness of Breath | Cardinal symptom of cardiac distress, most distressing symptom |
| Dyspnea | Subjective breathing discomfort. Sensory input to cerebral cortex. |
| Dyspnea Scoring Systems | Scale of 0 (no SOB) to 10 (max SOB). Visual Analog Scale. Modified Borg Scale. ATS SOB Scale. UCSD SOB Questionnaire. |
| Clinical Presentations of Dyspnea | 1. WOB abnormally high. 2. Ventilatory capacity reduced 3.Drive to breathe is elevated |
| Clinical Types of Dyspnea (1) | 1. Cardiac/Circulatory - inadequate supply of O2 to tissues (during exercise) |
| Clinical Types of Dyspnea (2) | 2. Psychogenic - panic disorder, not related to exertion. |
| Clinical Types of Dyspnea (3) | 3. Hyperventilation - rate/depth exceeds body's metabolic need (results in hypocapnia/decreased cerebral blood flow) |
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) | Sudden dyspnea when sleeping (recumbent position), associated with coughing, sign of left heart failure |
| Orthopnea | Dyspnea when lying down, associated with left heart failure |
| Trepopnea | Dyspnea when lying on ONE side, unilateral lung disease/pleural effusion |
| Platypnea | Dyspnea when in upright position - seen in patients with right-to-left intracardiac shunts or venoarterial shunts. |
| Orthodeoxia | Hypoxemia in upright position, relieved in recumbent position - seen in patients with right-to-left intracardiac shunts or venoarterial shunts. |
| Causes of Chest Pain | Cardiac ischemia, inflammation of thorax/abdomen, musculoskeletal disorders/trauma/anxiety, referred pain from indigestion |
| Cardinal Symptom of Heart Disease | Angina |
| Pleuritic Pain | Inspiratory, sharp, and abrupt onset. Worsens with cough, sneeze, hiccup, laughter. Increases with pressure/movement. |
| Chest Wall Pain | Intercostal/pectoral muscles, well localized. |
| Dizziness/Fainting (Syncope) | Temporary loss of consciousness because of reduced cerebral blood flow and O2. |
| Causes of Dizziness/Fainting | Thrombosis, embolism, atherosclerotic obstruction. Pulmonary embolism, coughing, hypoxia, hypocapnia. |
| Most common type of Syncope | Vasovagal - loss of peripheral venous tone |
| Orthostatic Hypotension (Dizziness/Fainting) | Sudden drop in BP when standing, dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, dehydration. |
| Carotid Sinus Syncope | Hypersensitive carotid sinus - slows pulse rate, decreases BP |
| Tussive Syncope | Caused by strong coughing - seen mostly in men with COPD, obesity, smoking history, frequent use of alcohol |
| Edema | Soft tissue swelling from fluid accumulation. |
| Bilaterial Peripheral Edema | Ankles/lower legs, caused by right/left heart failure - right heart failure often caused by cor pulmonale |
| Euthermia | 97F to 99.5F; 36C to 37.5C |
| Causes for Fever | Hot environment, dehydration, drugs, rxn to chemicals, infection, malignancy, etc |
| Intermittent Fever | Daily elevation with a return to normal or subnormal between spikes |
| Remittent Fever | Continuously elevated with wide, usually diurnal variations - In patients with Legionnaire's Disease, Acute viral Infections, and Mycoplasma Pneumonia. |
| Relapsing Fever | Reoccurring in bouts of several days with periods of normal temps. |
| Fever and Pulmonary Infections | Lung abscesses, empyema, TB, pneumonia. |
| Infections with NO Fever | High-dose corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, Immunocompromised. |
| Headache as a manifestation of? | Cerebral hypoxia and hypercapnia - lung disease, high altitude |
| Altered Mental State in? | Hypercapnia - from affected alertness to coma. |
| Personality Changes in? | Pulmonary Disorders - forgetfulness, inability to concentrate, anxiety, irritability |
| Snoring | Serious concern with apnea. Children - 10% to 12%; Adults - 10% to 30%. |
| Excessive Daytime Sleepiness | Occupational Accidents, Motor Vehicle Accidents, Loss of employment, Social dysfunction. |
| GERD | Heartburn/regurgitation. Gastroesophageal Reflux more then TWO times per week = GERD. |
| Assess symptoms to determine: | Seriousness of problem, potential underlying cause, effectiveness of treatment |
| Key to determine etiology: | careful history, CXR, physical exam |
| Sputum, describe? | color, odor, quantity, quality, time of day, blood, consistency |
| Frequent causes of hemoptysis: | TB, acute/chronic bronchitis, bronchogenic carcinoma, bronchiectasis |
| Hemoptysis from? | cardiopulmonary, coughed up from lungs/chest |
| Hematemesis from? | gastrointestinal, vomited from stomach |
| Apnea | not breathing for more than 20 sec |
| Eupnea | Normal rate of breathing |
| +1 edema | rapid |
| +2 edema | 10-15 sec |
| +3 edema | 1-2 min |
| +4 edema | >2 min |
| High grade fever | > 101 (38.2C) |
| Low grade fever | 99.5-101 (37.5-38.2C) |
Created by:
hbcole10
Popular Respiratory Therapy sets