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ThinkPsychology CH07
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | the process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in future behavior |
| Behaviorism | a method of studying learning in which the researcher focuses solely on directly observable responses and discards any references to inner thoughts, feelings , and motives |
| Learning-performance distinction | the difference between what a person learns and its application on that particular day |
| Associative learning | learning characterized by linking two events that occur together |
| Extinction | the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is taken away |
| Spontaneous recover | y a reoccurrence of a learned behavior after extinction |
| Savings | the ability to reacquire a learned behavior in a shorter period of time than it took to learn originally |
| Generalization | a process in which a learner reacts to a particular object or situation in the sarne way that he or she reacts to one that resembles that object or situation |
| Stimulus discrimination | a process in which a learner is trained to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
| Discriminative stimulus | a cue signaling that a particular response will be reinforced or punished |
| Latent learning | learning that is exhibited only in the presence of an incentive |
| Intrinsically motivated | characterized by the desire to do things because they are interesting, challenging, satisfying, or enjoyable |
| Extrinsic motivation | the desire to complete a behavior because it will lead to a reward or avoid punishment |
| Overjustification | the undermining of intrinsic motivation through excessive rewards |
| Instinctual drift | the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviors after being trained to have new behaviors |
| Taste-aversion learning | a form of conditioned learning in which exposure to a flavor paired with sickness will produce a consistent aversion to that flavor |
| Classical conditioning | a phenomenon in which two stimuli are associated, thus creating a reflex response |
| Unconditioned stimulus (US) | an original, unlearned stimulus that elicits a certain reflex action |
| Unconditional response (UR) | a reflex action elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | an event that is repeatedly paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned response (CR) | a learned reaction triggered by a conditioned stimulus, even in the absence of an associated unconditioned stimulus |
| Second-order conditioning | a type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus |
| Drug tolerance | a lessening of physiological and behavioral effects caused by a drug through the repeated use of that drug |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | the study of how psychology relates to events involving the nervous system and immune system |
| Operant conditioning | a type of learning in which organisms associate their actions with consequences |
| Operant behavior | responses that an organism makes to produce an effect on the environment |
| Reinforcement | an act that causes a response to be more likely to recur |
| Law of effect | a law that states that if a response produces a satisfying effect, it is likely to occur again |
| Three-term contingency | a three-part process in which organisms learn that in the presence of certain stimuli, their behavior is likely to have a particular effect on the environment; the three parts are the discriminative stimulus, the operant response, and the reinforcer/punis |
| Operant response | an act that causes a particular effect on the environment |
| Positive reinforce | something that strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable consequence |
| Negative reinforce | something that strengthens a response by removing an unpleasant consequence |
| Primary reinforcer | something that satisfies a basic biological need |
| Secondary reinforcer | something that becomes satisfying or pleasurable through experience |
| Delayed reinforcement | a reward that does not immediately follow an action |
| Continuous reinforcement | a learned reaction triggered by a conditioned stimulus, even in the absence of an associated unconditioned stimulus |
| Partial (intermittent) reinforcement | a method of reinforcement in which responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not |
| Reward contrast effect | a sudden shift in the attractiveness of a reward |
| Token economy | a term for an operant conditioning procedure in which individuals earn tokens when they exhibit desirable behavior; later, people who've earned tokens can redeem them for privileges or treats |
| Premack principle | a principle that states that a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a non-preferred task |
| Punishment | a penalty given in an attempt to decrease the occurrence of a certain behavior |
| Shaping | a process in which reinforcers are used to guide an organism's actions toward a desired behavior |
| Successive approximations | behaviors that are incrementally closer to the overall desired action |
| Chaining | a process in which the final step in a sequence is reinforced first, becoming a conditioned reinforce for the preceding response |
| Observational learning | a learning process in which a person observes and imitates others |
| Stimulus enhancement | a person's tendency to pay attention to a particular place or object in which someone else has shown interest |
| Goal enhancement | the drive to receive the awards that have been obtained in the past |
| Modeling | the ability to reproduce an action that is being observed |
| Prosocial | models that are positive and helpful |
| Learning-Based Activities | play and exploration |
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