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Sonnys Final
Rad Bio Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When is the fetus most sensitive to radiation? | 1st trimester 10 days -10 weeks |
| What are teratogens? | An agent that causes birth defects |
| Give examples? | Radiation, alcohol, drugs, mercury |
| Doubling Dose typically occurs at how many rem? | 156 rem (1.56 sV) |
| During Fetal Development, which stage is most likely to get organ damage? | Organogenesis- 10 days to 6 weeks |
| What is the LD 50/60 for humans? | Lethal dose kills 50% of population in 60 days after exposure |
| On average, how many rads would cause ARS? | Typically over 600 rad |
| What's another name for Unrestricted area? | Uncontrolled area |
| What is another name for Restricted area? | Controlled area |
| Which organization established the 10-day Rule? | ICRP |
| Who is responsible for describing the All or None rule? | Bushong |
| Describe the All or None rule? | ... |
| What is the 10 - 25 Rule? | Doses less than 10 rad= never terminate a pregnancy over 25 rad= termination of pregnancy should be considered |
| ARS - what is another name? | Radiation sickness |
| Name the stages of ARS? | 1- prodromal 2- latent 3- manifest illness 4- recovery or death |
| Name the 3 stages of Stage 3? | hematopoietic -gastrointestinal -CNS syndrome |
| Another name for Hematologic Syn? | Bone marrow syndrome |
| Exposure dose for Prodromal? | As low as 50 rad, usually 100 rad |
| Exposure dose for Hematologic? | 100-1000 rad |
| Exposure dose for GI? | 600-5000+ rad |
| Exposure dose for CNS? | 5000 rad |
| 1st 3 Sx of ARS? | Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea |
| Cells of the skin most radiosensitive? | Basal cells |
| Layer of the skin most radiosensitive? | Inner layer of the epidermis |
| Layer of the skin involve if epilation occurs? | Dermis- where hair follicles are |
| Exposure dose for Erythema? | 200 rad |
| Stages of skin reaction to radiation? | Erythema (reddening of the skin), desquamation (Dry skin and hair loss) moist desquamation (peeling of skin w/pus) epilation (hair loss temporary or permanent) |
| Decreased sperm count? | 10 rad |
| Delayed menstruation? | 10 rad |
| Temporary Sterility? | 250 rad |
| Permanent Sterility? | 500-600rad |
| Impotence? | 3000 rad |
| Hematologic Depression? | 25 rad |
| 4 types of blood cells? | Lymphocytes, granulocytes, thrombocytes, erythrocytes |
| What is the definition of radiolysis? | Breakdown by radiation of water in the cell |
| What is epidemiology? | observational study of the distribution and causes of disease in human populations |
| Name at least 5 cancers that can be caused by radiation; with the 1st choice being the most probable? | leukemia, osteosarcoma, lung, thyroid, breast |
| What is a relative risk model? | predicts that excess cancers rise as natural cancers increase with advancing age |
| What is an absolute risk model? | specific number of excess cancers will occur as a result of radiation exposure |
| Latent period for Leukemia? | 5-7 years |
| Latent period for thyroid cancer? | 10 years |
| How many types of Leukemia are there? | 4 |
| Which one typically affects children? | acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) |
| Lung cancer can be caused by what type of exposure? - | ... |
| Most cancers have what type of dose response curve? | linear non-threshold |
| Skin cancer has what type of dose response curve? | non-linear, threshold |
| Recent studies indicate the mean glandular dose for a mammogram is? | 0.7m msV - 1msV per view |
| What type of cell is more radiosensitive - spermatogonia or oogonia? | spermatogonia |
| What part of the heart is most radiosensitive? - | ... |
| What is more radiosensitive - bone or cartilage? | bone |
| Genetic damage (mutations) have what type of dose response curve? | linear, non-threshold |
| GSD must take into account what? | gonadal dose per exam, # of people receiving xray exams, # in population, # of expected future children |
| During Preimplantation how much exposure would terminate the pregnancy? | 5-15 rad |
| What is the time frame for preimplantation? | 0 to 9 days |
| What is the time frame for organogenesis? | 10 days to 6 weeks |
| A fetus can develop leukemia if exposed to how much radiation? - | ... |
| A fetus can develop congenital malformations if exposed to how much? | >20 rad |
| HVL Below 50 kvp | 0.5mm Al eq. |
| HVL 50 to 70 kvp | 1.5mm Al eq. |
| HVL >70 kvp | 2.5mm Al eq. |
| Source to skin distance Stationary fluoro | 15" (38cm) |
| Source to skin distance Mobile fluoo | 12" (30cm) |
| Primary Barrier and give ex. | 1/16" (1.6)Pb eq. |
| floor, wall, mobile shield | |
| Secondary Barrier and give ex. | 1/32" |
| control booth, lead aprons, ceiling, lead gloves | |
| What is the definition of Use Factor? | the amount of time the beam is on & directed at a particular barrier |
| What is the definition of Workload? | the volume of types of exams performed in the exam room per week |
| Film badge sensitivity? | 10mrem- 500mrem |
| TLD sensitivity? | 5 mrem |
| OSL sensitivity | 1 mrem |
| NCRP Report #116 Occupational Dose equivalents: | ... |
| Annual whole body | 5 rem or 50 mSv |
| Annual Lens | 15 rem or 150 mSv |
| Annual Skin = Annual whole body (Public) | 50 rem or 500 mSv |
| Pregnant employee | 0.5 rem or 5 mSv |
| How do you calculate Cumulative Effective Dose (CED)? | age in rem or age x 10 in mSv |
| 3 most effective means of controlling ionizing radiation? | time, distance, shielding |
| Name a type of mechanical holding device? | Pigg-O-stat, straps, sandbags, tape, foam wedges |
| 1 rad equals how many cGy | 1 cGy |
| 1 rem equals how many mSv | 10 mSv |
| When holding a pt it is best to stand at what angle from the primary beam? | 90 degrees |
| Lead apron covers how much of the active bone marrow? | 80% |
| Lead apron lead equivalent? | 0.5 mm |
| Lead apron at 75 kvp attenuates? | 90% of photons |
| Checking for cracks? | use fluoro or shoot at 125 kVp |
| Portable cord length? ___feet How many meters? | 6 feet or 2 meters |
| Scatter event reduces exposure by what factor? | 1/1000 @ meter or 3 feet |
| Fluoro timer limit is how many minutes? | 5 minutes |
| Another name for scatter at 90 degrees? | side scatter |
| Direction of most of the scatter that is generated? | back scatter |
| Difference between mammo filters & x-ray filters? | mammo filters out low and high energy photons, x-ray (Al) filters out low |
| When would a trough filter be used? | chest |
| When would a wedge filter be used? | foot |
| Inherent filtration is how much & give example? | 0.5mm Al window, glass envelope, oil |
| Grid ratio: 5:1 Scatter removal | 80-85% |
| 8:1 Scatter removal | 90% |
| 12:1 Scatter removal | 96% |
| Name a view in which an air gap technique could be used? | c-spine |
| Purpose of beam limitation? | limit beam to lower pt. dose and improve image quality |
| Name 3 type of beam limitation devices? | collimator, cones, cylinders, aperture diaphragm |
| What is the M/C beam limitation device? | collimator w/ adjustable shutters |
| When should you shield a pt? | within 5cm of nads, 50 and younger and the shield is not in the way of the anatomy |
| Male - landmark used for shielding? | Pubic symphysis |
| Female - landmark used for shielding? | ASIS 1" medial |
| Male shielding reduces gonadal dose by? | 90-95% |
| Female shielding reduces gonadal dose by? | 50% |
| Name 3 types of gonad shields? | flat, shaped, shadow, clear |
| Give an example of involuntary motions? | peristalsis, heart movement |
| Give an example of a view most commonly repeated? | abdomen, L-spine, skull and pelvis |
| ESE for Abd | 300 mrad |
| ESE for CXR | 15 mrad |
| ESE for AP L-Spine | 350 mrad |
| ESE for APLC | 80 mrad |
| NCRP Report #102: | ... |
| Thickness of fluoro curtain | 0.25mm Pb |
| Max Tabletop thickness | 1mm Al |
| Max Fluoro tabletop exposure rate | 10 R/min |
| Lead apron | 0.5mm Pb |
| Gloves | 0.25mm Pb |
| Mobile/ source to skin distance | 12 inches (30cm) |
| Fixed/ source to skin distance | 15 inches (38cm) |
| osting of warning sign | 5mR/hr |
| Max leakage from tube housing | 100 mR/Hr at 1 Meter |
| Length of exposure switch for portable | 6 feet or 2 meters |
| What is the hemopoietic system? | blood, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymphnodes |
| Other names for immature cells? | precursor cells, stem cells, undifferentiated |
| Primary source of exposure to the RT is from? | compton scatter from pt. |
| What is the EqD of 0.2 Gy of alpa particles? | 0.2 x 20 = 4 Sv |
| What is the EqD of 10 rad of x-ray? | 10 rem or 0.1Sv |
| Annual whole body occupational exposure is 5000 mrem | 5 rem |
| Annual occupational dose limit for the lens of the eye is 15,000 mrem | 15 rem |
| Annual occupational dose limit for the skin, hands, & feet is 50 rem | 50,000 mrem |
| Annual whole body exposure to the general public is 0.1 rem | 100 mrem |
| Annual dose limit to a pregnant employee is 500 mrem | 0.5 rem |
| CXR has an ESE of 16 rad | 0.16 Gy |
| Abd had an ESE of 300 mrad | 3 mGy |
| AP L-Spine has an ESE of 350 mrad | 3.5 mGy |
| APLC has an ESE of 80 mrad | 0.8 mGy |
| Molybdenum & Rhodium filters are used in what? | mammography |
| What's another name for stem cells? | precursor cells |
| What is another name for Deterministic Effects? | non-stochastic |
| What is another name for Stochastic Effect? | non-deterministic (random) |
| A relationship with no threshold and a squared response is called? | linear quadratic |
| A common method used to estimate an exposure dose to a patient without using a patient would be? | ESE |
| Entrance skin exposure, bone marrow dose, and gonadal dose may be used to indicate? | ways to measure radiation dose received for those parts |
| What types of cancer have a latent period of 5 to 7 yrs? | leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, non-solid state cancers |
| What type of cancer has shown a latent period of 2 yrs? | leukemia can start |
| What types of cancer have a latent period of over 10 yrs? | thyroid, lung, breast, osteosarcoma |
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