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Psychology
Chapter 5-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is learning? | Permanent change in behavior brought by experience |
| What is a conditioned stimulus? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | Learned-Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus- Metronome with dogs |
| What is stimulus generalization? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | Tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response- little peter- he was scared of white & furry stuff |
| What is extinction? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | It’s gone, goes away- The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus |
| What is higher-order learning? | when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus (pairing two things together and both become conditioned stimulus) |
| What is conditioned taste aversion? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association- i.e. if you eat fish and then get sick, you won’t eat shrimp in a long time |
| What is biological preparedness? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | “It’s all about survival” the tendency of animals to learn certain associations due to the survival value of the learning.-- I.e. coyotes eating the meat with chlorine then they won’t eat meat for a long time |
| What is the key to the cognitive perspective of classical conditioning? | It’s all about expectancy |
| What is important in learning from a classical conditioning perspective? | the antecedent is important (what comes before) |
| What is important in learning from an Operant conditioning perspective? | the consequence is important (rat pushing lever if treat comes out) |
| Who added the concept of reinforcement to learning theory? | Skinner |
| What are secondary reinforcers? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | “gets you to the primary reinforcer”-reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars, food, water, shelter |
| What is positive reinforcement? | Positive- the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus |
| What is negative reinforcement? | Negative- the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus – ex: taking aspiring for a headache- removal of headache |
| What is shaping? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired complex behavior |
| What is generalization? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | I.e. little kid thinking everything is juice, kid calling every man “dad” |
| What is fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same (i.e. rat pushing lever always |
| What is variable ratio of reinforcement? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event |
| What is a discriminative stimulus? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement (i.e. opening doors, slowing down seeing a cop, slow down for a speed trap) |
| What is punishment by removal? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | removal of a pleasurable stimulus. |
| What are the ways to make punishment more effective? | Consistency, when it takes place, pairing it with correct behavior |
| What is applied behavior analysis, and how is it implemented? | using shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior and every single step is reinforced |
| What is learned helplessness? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past. |
| What is latent learning? When does latent learning usually appear? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful (i.e. somebody choking and then you perform a maneuver) |
| What is insight? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly |
| What is observational learning? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior (i.e. bobo doll beating up bc they saw somebody beating it up) |
| When referring to observational learning, what is the key element that must be present to reproduce the observed behavior? | You must be able to imitate it |
| Know how to identify examples of conditioned responses. | Dogs salivate when hearing metronome, tensing up after car hunking after car accident, bell going on and you stand up at school |
| Who was Little Albert? Through classical conditioning, he learned to fear what? | Conditioned to fear a white rat- after it, he feared anything with white feathers |
| Who discovered classical conditioning? | Pavlov |
| In reference to taste aversions, what type of learning is this? | Classical conditioning |
| What is memory? | Encoding, storage, & retrieval- an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage |
| What is the levels-of-processing model of memory? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | Model of memory that assumes information that is more "deeply processed," using emotions, senses, encoding--- many different things going on to stick to your memory |
| What is echoic sensory memory? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | the brief memory of something a person has just heard capacity smaller, duration is longer |
| What is iconic memory? About how long does it last? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second capacity is longer, duration is smaller |
| Echoic memory to iconic memory…how long each lasts & what is the capacity of each? | Echoic- Capacity - limited to what can be heard at any one moment and is smaller than the capacity of iconic memory Duration – lasts longer that iconic — about 2 to 4 seconds |
| Iconic memory to iconic memory…how long each lasts & what is the capacity of each? | Iconic- Capacity – everything that can be seen at one time. Duration - information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information, a process called masking |
| What is short-term memory and how is it primarily encoded? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used |
| What is the capacity of short-term memory? | Limited- 12-30 seconds without rehearsal |
| What is chunking? | bits of information are combined into meaningful units, or chunks, so that more information can be held in STM |
| What is the best method for encoding long-term memories? | Elaborative rehearsal (over and over again) |
| Which type of memory is episodic memory? How often is it revised and updated? | Which type of memory is episodic memory? How often is it revised and updated? |
| What is semantic memory? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | Type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, i.e. knowledge of language and information learned in formal education |
| Know the research by Eich & Metcalf in relation to memory and emotional association. | memory resurfaces- in education, if you learn in a particular classroom, particular seat—then you take your exam in another room---- this might cause you trouble in retrieving information |
| What are some examples of recall? | Essay questions, matching exams |
| What is the serial position effect? What does it state regarding items that will be best remembered? | You remember things that come in first and last |
| Be able to compare recognition to recall. Be able to identify examples of this concept. | Recognition- multiple choice exam, fill in blank with word bank |
| Is eyewitness testimony usually accurate? | No |
| What is automatic encoding? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding (i.e. when it rains you might say you that it rained for 30 min but you didn’t really timed it) |
| What is constructive processing in relation to retrieving long-term memory? | Putting it together to get back long term memory stuff |
| What did Ebbinghaus find about information that is forgotten? | After you learn something, quickly you lose it, then slowly goes away after that if you don’t study it |
| What is the problem with using decay or disuse theory in explaining forgetting from long-term memory? | A lot of time passed by- sometimes long term memory is more remembered than short-term memory |
| What is proactive interference? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information (operating a new cellphone after being used with another one, operating a new car) |
| What is anterograde amnesia? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | Able to remember past but not the present and forward- loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories. Usually does NOT affect procedural LTM |
| What are the theories relating to infantile amnesia? | You can only remember after about 3 years of age You had experiences but they are implicit |
| What are the components of the information processing model in order? | Encoding, storage, & retrieval |
| What is attention? | You are using all of your senses- To learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model. |
| What step in the memory process makes our memories available to us? | Retrieval (must be able to pull it out) |
| What is an icon? | A visual image |
| What does ‘decay theory’ state? | The passage of time decays your memory |
| What types of memory are iconic and echoic memory? | Sensory |
| The working memory is what type of memory? | Short-term |
| What is thinking? | mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information |
| What does research suggest about how we interact with visual images and physical objects? | Your mind can almost react exactly the same to something that you can see as if you can interact with it |
| What is a prototype in relation to learning? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept (i.e. asking what is a fruit? You won’t say tomato, you will say apple….) |
| What are algorithms? | very specific, mechanical, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems |
| What can the representative heuristic be used to do? | Shortcut (you can create & maintain a stereotype) |
| What happens when people develop a ‘mental set’ in relation to solving problems? | Doing something the same way all of the time as far as problem-solving |
| What is divergent thinking? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point (kind of creativity). |
| Be familiar with the traditional definition of intelligence. | Ability to solve problems, adapt to different situations, and how you usin resources |
| What did Terman’s study of gifted children find in relation to social and behavioral problems? | High IQ 180+ was a turning point (doesn’t mean that they’ll succeed in life) |
| What type of intelligence did Sternberg’s “street smarts” refer to? | Practical, common sense |
| According to Sternberg, which type of intelligence is most often measured by traditional intelligence tests? | Analytical intelligence |
| According to Golman, which type of intelligence has the most influence on success in life? | Emotional |
| What is meant by ‘mental age’? Be able to identify examples of this concept. | Test that measure your reading ability, ect. |
| What is the difference between Wechsler tests and Stanford-Binet tests? | Welchsler test- age specific Binet- for placement |
| What is the characteristic of a reliable test? | Getting the same result over and over again |
| What is a culturally biased test? | Based on terminology of a specific region |
| What is fetal alcohol syndrome? | Condition that results from exposing a developing embryo to alcohol, and intelligence levels can range from below average to levels associated with intellectual disability |
| What is the current estimate of heritability of intelligence? | 50% |
| What are phonemes? | basic units of sound in language |
| What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? | Language, shapes, thoughts |
| What does research support in the role of maintenance of mental fitness and improved cognitive function? | Exercise your brain and body |
| What are the possible results of traumatic brain injuries? | Lose memory, lose ability to critically solve things, hard to have selective attention, hard time organizing thoughts |
| Cognition is a synonym for what? | thinking |
| What is eidetic imagery? | Ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more |
| What is creativity? | the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways |
| What is emotional intelligence? | 1- ability to manage one's own thoughts 2- ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel |
| What are the characteristics of a valid test? | Testing over what you’re looking for |
Created by:
cruz_r12
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