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Behavior-Chapter 6
Introduction to Learning and Behavior-Chapter 6 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Artificial reinforcers | Reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged in order to modify a behavior; they are not a natural consequence of the behavior in that setting (also known as contrived reinforcers) |
| Avoidance behavior | Behavior that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and therefore prevents its delivery |
| Discriminative stimulus (SD) | A stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced |
| Discriminative stimulus for extinction | A stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement |
| Discriminative stimulus for punishment | A stimulus that signals that a response will be punished |
| Escape behavior | A behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus |
| Extrinsic reinforcement | The reinforcement provided by a consequence that is external to the behavior, that is, an extrinsic reinforcer |
| Generalized (or generalized secondary) reinforcer | A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers |
| Intrinsic reinforcement | Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is inherently reinforcing |
| Law of effect | As stated by Thorndike, the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfactory state of affairs are strengthened or "stamped in," while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfactory or annoying state of affairs are weakened or "stamped out" |
| Natural reinforcers | Reinforcers that are naturally provided for a certain behavior; that is, they are a natural consequence of the behavior within that setting |
| Negative punishment | The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response |
| Negative reinforcement | The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response |
| Operant behavior | A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences; these consequences, in turn, affect the future probability or strength of those responses |
| Operant conditioning | A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences |
| Positive punishment | The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response |
| Positive reinforcement | The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response |
| Primary reinforcer (or unconditioned reinforcer) | An event that is innately reinforcing |
| Punisher | An event that (1) follows a behavior and (2) decreases the future probability of that behavior |
| Reinforcer | An event that (1) follows a behavior and (2) increases the future probability of that behavior |
| Secondary reinforcer (or conditioned reinforcer) | An event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer |
| Shaping | The gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to that behavior |
| Three-term contingency | The relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behavior, an a reinforcer or punisher |
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dkbjornn
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