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Psychology Ch 6

Stack #127959

Question	Answer
encoding	the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory
storage	the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory.
retrieval	how we remember; The process of bringing to mind information that has been stored in memory.
sensory memory	the memory system that holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about 2 seconds.
iconic	visual memory .2 seconds
echoic	auditory memory 2-5 seconds
short term memory (STM)	The memory system that codes information according to sound and holds about seven (from five to nine) items for less than 30 seconds without rehearsal; also called working memory 20 seconds
you are able to remember ____ unrelated items for up to 20 seconds	7
chunking	A memory strategy that involves grouping or organizing bits of information into larger units which are easier to remember
long term memory (LTM)	The memory system with a virtually unlimited capacity that contains vast stores of a person's permanent or relatively permanent memories.
declarative memory	the subsystem within long term memory that stores facts information, and personal life events that can be brought to mind verbally or in the form of images and then declared or started; also called explicit memory
episodic memory	things remembered in the order they have been experienced; the type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced
semantic memory	the type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, or objective facts and information; academic memory
People with dementia don't have a _____________ memory but have a good ________________ memory	declarative, nondeclarative
nondeclarative memory	the subsystem within long-term memory that stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses; also called implicit memory
_________________ is memory that is easier to learn but easier to forget	declarative
_______ harder to learn and harder to forget	nondeclarative memory
Why do we forget things?	1. importance of memory 2. distorted memory due to schema
recall	most difficult; a memory task in which a person must produce required information by searching memory.
recognition	a memory task in which a person must simply identify material as familiar or as having been encountered before
relearning method	a measure of memory in which retention is expressed as the percentage of time saved when material is relearned compared with the time required to learn the material originally.
Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory is the process of _______________. Bringing to mind the material that has been stored is the process of ________________.	encoding, retrieval
_____________ memory does not require consciousness.	nondeclarative
eyewitness testimony is not __________________.	reliable
schemas	How we categorize or make sense of something. The integrated frameworks of knowledge and assumptions a person has about people, objects, and events, which affect how the person encodes and recalls information.
False memory syndrome	remember something that didn't happen
repressed memory	pushed memory out of memory; motivated forgetting
what affect encoding	schema, repressed mem., false mem.
flashbulb memory	emotional, dramatic; an extremely vivid memory of the conditions surrounding one's first hearing the news of a surprising, shocking or highly emotional event.
eidetic imagery	photographic memory; the ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after it has been removed from view and to use this retained image to answer questions about the visual stimulus. Remember pattern
_______ found that, rather than accurately recalling information detail by detail, people often reconstruct and systematically distort facts to make them more consistent with past experiences.	Bartlett
When a person uses ____ to process information, both encoding and retrieval can be affected.	schemas
_______ memories are vivid memories of where and when an individual learned of a particularly dramatic event.	flashbulb
_________ is the ability to retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after it has been removed from view.	eidetic imagery
what effect retrieval	serial position effect and state-dependant memory effect
serial position effect	the finding that, for information learned in a sequence, recall is better for the beginning and ending items than for the middle items in the sequence.
primacy effect	more likely to remember 1st thing; the tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more readily than the middle items.
recency effect	more likely to remember the last thing; the tendency to recall the last items in a sequence more readily than those in the middle
state dependant memory effect	the tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded
when children learn the alphabet they often can recite A, B, C, D and W, X, Y, Z before they can recite the letters in between. This is because of the _______.	serial position effect
Both____________ and ___________ can provide retrieval cues for memories.	context, odors
The ____ happens when individuals acquire information while in a pharmacologically altered state of consciousness or when experiencing a particular emotion.	state dependant memory effect
The hippocampus is involved primarily in the formation of ______ memories; the rest of the hippocampal region is involved primarily in the formation of ________ memories.	episodic, semantic
H.M. retained his ability to add to his ____ memory.	nondeclarative
__________ is the long lasting increase in the efficiency of neural transmission at the synapses; it may be the basis for learning and memory at the level of the neurons.	long term potentiation
Memories of circumstances surrounding threatening situations that elicit the fight or flight response activate the ___________.	amygdala
encoding failure	a cause of forgetting that occurs when information was never put into long term memory
decay theory	the oldest theory of forgetting, which holds that memories, if not used, fade with time and ultimately disappear altogether
interference	a cause of forgetting that ocurs because information or associations stored either before or after a given memory hinder the ability to remember it
motivated forgetting	don't want to remember; forgetting through supression or repression in order to protect oneself from material that is painful, frightening, or otherwise unpleasant.
prospective forgetting	not remembering to carry out some intended action. Forgetting to remember based on motivation.
______ invented the nonsense syllable, conceived the relearning method for retention, and plotted the curve of forgetting.	ebbinghaus
To minimize interference, it is best to follow learning with ______.	skeep
According to the text, the major cause of forgetting is ________.	interference
retrieval failure	on tip of tongue not being cued in the right way
the ability to recite a number of nursery rhyme from childhood is probably due mainly to ____.	overlearning
What is the difference between declarative and non declarative memory?	Declarative memory has episodic memory and semantic memory whereas nondeclarative has motorskills, habits and simple classically conditioned responses
What are the three kinds oc memory tasks?	recall, recognition and relearning
How do schemas effect memory?	People often fit their experiences into schemas

Created by: sherbrry

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