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lower extrems
lower extremities
Question | Answer |
---|---|
characteristics of a foot are? | differences in thickness, dorsal and plantar surfaces. 26 bones divided into three parts |
dorsal surface | top surface |
plantar surface | bottom surface |
phalanges | 14 |
metatarsals | 5 |
tarsus or tarsal bones | 7 |
before equalization what was used on a foot | wedge filter |
phalanges | 14. one phalanx has a base which is proximal. also a body and distal head |
another name for great toe | hallux which has only two phalanges the distal and proximal phalange |
what is the structural and functional classification of the IPJs in the foot | synovial hinge/diathrodial |
metatarsals | 5 beginning at medial aspect or great toe side |
classification of metatarsals | long bones |
metatarsals consist of what | a shaft and two articular ends a base and head |
distal ends of the metatarsals articulate w/ what | heads articulate w/ proximal phalanges |
classification of MTP joints | diathroidal synovial gliding |
proximal ends of of metatarsals articulate w/ what | bases articulate w/anterior tarsal bones |
classification of TMT joints | synovial gliding |
tarsals | 7 tarsal bones of the ankle |
classification of tarsal bones | |
anterior tarsal bones | medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiforms and cuboid |
is the the cuboid the most lateral T or F | true |
posterior tarsal bones | navicular, talus, and calcaneus |
another name for talus | astragulus w/ articulates w/tibia = tailor dome |
another name for calcaneus | oscalsis which is the largest bone and also the bone of the heel |
calcaneus or oscalsis | lies below the talus and has three articular surfaces that form a joint w/ the talus. anterior ends form articulation w/ cuboid |
calcaneal tuberosity and sustentaculum tail | |
talus or astragulus | is on top and is second largest |
the talus articulates w/ what | the calcaneus at the subtalar joint |
parts of the talus | body, trochlea (rounded part or talor dome, tibia), neck, and head (articulates w/ trochlea) |
sinus tarsi | two tali make a tarsi. sulcus tali (talus) and sustentaculum tali (calcaneus) |
sulcus tali | indentation in the bone |
sustentaculum tali | ridge of bone |
navicular | medial side of foot. lies anterior to talus and posterior to all cuneiforms. |
the navicular articulates w/ what | the talus, all three cuneiforms and cuboid |
cuboid | on lateral side |
cuboid articulates w/ what | calcaneus and the bases of the 4th and 5th metatarsals |
cuneiforms | occupy medial and central parts of the foot between the navicular and the first,second, and third metatarsals |
first (internal) cuneiform articulates w/ what | is the largest and articulates w/ the navicular, base of the first metatarsal, and 2nd cuneiform |
second (middle) cuneiform articulates w/ what | navicular, base of second metatarsal, and 1st and 2nd cuneiform |
third (lateral) cuneiform articulates w/ what | navicular, base of 3rd metatarsal, 2nd cuneiform, and cuboid |
sesamoid bones | small detached bones found in foot which form at points of stress near joint. usually found on posterior (plantar) surface of 1st MTP joint. very painful |
3 arches | longitudinal and transverse arch; ples planus |
ples planus | flat foot |
jones fracture | base of 5th metatarsal |
congenital club foot | talipes equinovarous. infants feet turn inward |
ankle joint | formed by articulation between lateral malleolus of fibula, inferior surface of tibia, and medial malleolus of tibia |
classification of ankle joint | synovial saddle joint |
leg | two long bones the tibia and fibula |
is the fibula weight bearing | no |
tibia | second largest bone in body behind femur. located on the medial side |
fibula | located on the lateral side and slightly posterior |
tibia proximal extremity | medial and lateral condyles |
SUPERIOR surfaces of condyles form what for femur as part of the knee joint | articular facets/ tibial plateaus |
intercondylar eminence | sharp projection between articular facets (tibial plateaus) |
double pointed projections | intercondylar tubercles or tibial spine |
tibial tuberosity | anterior surface of tibia, inferior to condyles, serves as point of attachment to muscles and insertion of patellar ligament/ between tibia and patella |
as the tibia nears the ankle it becomes what? | flattened |
tibia distal extremity | inferior articular surface is tibial plafond. |
medial malleolus | large palpable prominence that is located at distal end, forms part of ankle mortise, and reaches approx. 1/2" below ankle joint |
fibular notch | has lateral surface w/ triangular concave depression for articulation w the medial border of distal fibula |
distal tibiofibular joint classification | fibrous syndesmosis/ amphiarthrodial |
fibula | long bone which does not bear weight and lies on lateral side of tibia |
head of fibula | at proximal end and articulates w/ lateral condyle of tibia (proximal tibiofibular joint) |
fibula apex or styloid process | conical projection on the lateral and psoterior portion of the head |
lateral malleolus | distal end of the fibula which also forms part of the ankle mortise which projects lower than the medial malleolus |
knee | femorotibial (complex) joint formed by femoral condyles and articular facets on superior surface of tibial condyles |
classification of the knee | synovial, diathrodial, hinge type joint |
the joint is protected by what? | the patella or sesamoid bone located on anterior surface of femur |
what ligaments support the knee? | PCL, ACL, TCL, AND FCL |
PCL | posterior cruciate ligament |
ACL | anterior cruciate ligament |
TCL | tibial cruciate ligament |
FCL | fibular cruciate ligament |
how is the knee stabilzed? | stabilized and cushioned by menisci which lie on tibial plateaus. |
what are the menisci? | medial and lateral meniscus |
meniscus | absorb shock. lateral views of the knee are done to see fat fluid levels |
bursa | sac found in connective tissue usually in the area of the joints. contains fluid which reduces the friction between bone and tendons |
how many bursa are around the knee | approx. 12 |
what is the largest bursa of the knee and the shoulder? | shoulder = subacromial knee = prepatellar |
patella | largest sesamoid bone in the body that is located on the distal, anterior femur which develops in tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle between 3-5 yrs old |
shape of the patellar | triangle. apex points towrds the knee. pateller ligament attaches the patella to the tibial tuberosity. base is superior |
femur | long bone. largest in the body has head which articulates with acetabulum of pelvis to form hip joint |
fovea capitus | indentation (pit) on the head femur |
neck | slender region just below head |