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Psychology studies 2
Unit 2 Psychology studies AS level
| Name | Study |
|---|---|
| Tyrell and Baxter | Concluded that people who cannot produce corticosteriods are to be given additional quantities in order to survive when exposed to stressor |
| Mason | Compared reaqctions of individuals to stressors varied in degree of how much fear, anger and uncertanity they created different patterns of Adrenaline and Nordrenaline secretion. Shows Individual differences. |
| Taylor et al | Gender differences. Women responds with 'tend and befriend' rather than 'fight or flight' Women produce more oxytocin (chemical that produces nurturing and relaxation) gender difference in activation of SAM Gender Biased. |
| Segerstrom and Miller | Meta-analysis. Acute stress leads to upregulation Chornic stress leads to downregulation of most measures of immune functioning |
| Cohen et al | 394 particpants through volunteer sample questionnaire on number of stressful life events they rated their degree of stress and negative emotions - 3 make stress index exposed to c.c.v 82% caught it 7 days, clinical colds recorded correlated with hi |
| Evans and Edgington | found that probability of developing cold signioficantly correlated with negative/stressful events in the preceding days Stress levels considerable effect on likelihood of illness supports Cohen et al |
| Kiecolt-Glaser | 13 female participants caring for relatives with senile dementia. Matched participant design 13, age income not mart. puncture biopsy 3.5mm treated by nurse cytokines measured, 10 perceived stress scale carers 9 days 24% longer lower cyto. more stres |
| Link two disorders to the DSN definition | Kleptomania (explicit) Tourettes (implicit) |
| Link two disorders to the FFA definition | Anorexia Isomnia |
| Rosenhan and Seligman | The FFA definition as four characteristics Observer Distress Maladaptive behaviour Unpredictable Behaviour Irrational Behaviour |
| Link two disorders to the DIMH definition | depression Psychopath |
| Marie Jahoda | The DFMH definition Strong sense of self-idenity Resistant to stress Sef-actualisation Autonomy Empathy |
| Little Hans case study (Freud) | young boy afraid of horses father 'don't trot away from me' feared horses with white around eyes and black around mouth most believed the phobia is a result of repressed feelings of fear that father would castrate son feelings of sexual desire for moth |
| Little Albert (Watson and Rayner) | Albert, 9 months was shown stimuli - white rat, rabbit, monkey, mask and burning newspapers, showed no fear for any. When exposed to rat, watson banged hammer against metal pipe albert cried process repeated cried just from being exposed to rat C.C = |
| Skinner | main figure that developed theory of operant conditioning learn through process of reward and punishment schedules or reinforcement shape behaviours |
| Bandura | extended idea of operant conditioning the Social learning theory learn by watching others being rewarded for particular behaviours maladaptive behaviours could be reinforced |
| Meichenbaum | dysfunctional automatic thoughts 'I need to be successful in everything' |
| Ellis | Irrational assumptions The Activating event The Beliefs Th Consequences of the beliefs |
| The WHO report | compared effectiveness of anti-psychotics to a placebo treatment for Schizophrenia 75% remained symptom free after 12 months compared to 45% on the placebo drug effective treatment for schizophrenia 25% had no benefits or even relapsed. |
| Corner | 60-70% of ECT patients' symptoms improve after treatment useful when other therapies have failed could be life-saving for severe cases |
| Bergin | analysis of patient histories estimated that 80% of these had benefited from psychoanalysis compared to 60% on different therapies |
| Tschuschke et al | study of 450 patients psycho-dynamic therapies such a psychoanalysis worked better over long term than short term longer the treatment, the better the effects |
| Loftus | shows that many people struggle to accurately recall memories from early life may be based on unreliable memories or unwittingly planted 'false memories' |
| Little Peter (Jones: supervised by Watson) | two year old with extreme phobia of rabbits, rats fur coats and feathers etc. Jones put rabbit in wire cage in front of Peter whilst he ate his lunch over sessions moved rabbit closer after 17 steps, ate lunch with one hand whilst stroking rabbit on l |
| Barlow et al | Successful therapy for spider and blood inject. phobics 60-90% success rates for these types of phobias no evidence that it is only temporary success despite emphasis on symptoms rather than cause |
| Capafons et al | Aerophobics had less anxiety after systematic desensitisation than a control group. |
| Beck | Cognitive therapy for depression C.B led to negative automatic thoughts aim to challenge for balanced, realistic appraisals encouraged to keep a record diary reviewed and n.a.t recognised challenges and gives positive examples behavioural tech. = p |
| Engels et al | concluded CBT is an effective treatment for a range of clinical disorders such as OCD and social phobia as well as other disorders (non-clinical such as stress) |
| Asch | unambiguous task judging length of lines pilot study- 3 out 720 123 male american undergraduates 3 comparisons to standard line all but 1 confederates 12/18 incorrect 'critical' 37% mean con. rate, 5% all, 25% none |
| Perrin and Spencer | In England group of Science and engineering students only one conforming result out 396 used youths on probation probation officers as confederates similar levels of conformity to original Asch study |
| Bond and Smith | meta-analysis of conformity studies 134 studies across 17 different nations steady decline in conformity independent cultures lower than collectivist cultures more ambiguous, high conformity in all cultures |
| Milgram | 'Germans are different' Yale University 40 male participants always 'teacher' and con always 'learner' A.F was experimenter punish for wrong answers = electric shock from 15v to 450v in 15v's comply to unreasonable because of A.F 100% 300v and 65% |
| Orne | States the participants knew the shocks weren't real so went all the way up to 450v as they thought they were expected to. |
| Rotter | The Locus of Control refers to perception of person control over their behaviour internal - great deal of personal control external - perceived as controlled or caused more by external influences - others or luck |
| Anderson and Scheneier | High internals are achievement-orientated more likely to become leaders and entrepreneurs Active seekers of information less likely to rely on opinion of others better able to resist coercion from others |
| Atgis | meta-analysis looking at relationship between locus of control and conformity high external more easily persuaded and likely to conform relationship was 0.37 |
| Williams and Warchal | 30 students given a range of conformity tasks based on Asch's experimental paradigm then testes locus of control conformed did not score differently for L.O.C but low score in assertiveness scale assertion more important than L.O.C |
| two examples of minority groups that have led to social change | Civil rights Movement (Rosa Parks) The Suffragettes (Emily Davison) |
| Hornsey et al | Less likely to conform with a group who were in favour of cheating affects moral integrity |
| Holmes and Rahe | took records of 5000 patients founjd 43 life events in year preceeding illness assigned 50 life change units to marriage as comparison., SRRS - social re-adjustment rating scale measure over previous 12 months 300 LCU 80% chance of becoming ill |
| Gupta | high SRRS scores correlated with severity and frequency of skin problems |
| Rahe at al | gave SRRS 2,700 sailors life changes in alst 6 months 6 month tour of duty health records positive correlation |
| delongis et al | daily hassles more strongly related Kanner's hassle scale Daily hassles also paly a part uplifts have no effectr |
| Kanner et al | Accumilation of Amplification effect 117 daily hassles uplift scale of 135 positive items |
| Bouteyre et al | relationship between daily hassles and mental health in students particulary depression |
| Sher | increased levels of cortisol contribute to development of disorders vulnerable individuals |
| Marmot et al | analysed self report questionnaire 7000 civil servants working in London asked about workload job control and amount of social support checked for signs of cardio-vascular disease followed up 5 years later lower grades 1 half times more likely |
| Fox et al | combination of low blood and high demansa for nurses was related to stress-related illness - high blood pressure |
| Johansson | high risk group of ten workers repetive work and high responsibility compared to low risk group of ten cleanerd high risk high levels of stress hormones had more stress related illness had more absent days responsibility leads to high arousal long t |
| Hobson and Beach | wasn't workload that is the problem but the persons perception of ability to deal with it |
| Friedman and Rosenman | 3154 healthy mean between 39 and 59 living in San Franciso devised set of 25 questions asses how people respond to everyday life method questioning |
| Moscovici | 32 groups of 6 women in each group 4 were participants 2 confederates tested for colour blindessness to remove bias given 32 different shades of blue two confed always said it was green 1.8% conformity rate 32% of all women agreed on 1 when it was b |
| Williams et al | found that those with hightes scores on the and the anger questionnaire 2.69 times moree likely to have heart attack |
| Kabosa et al | suggest hardiness atributtes of type A but resistant to negtive effects Control Commitment Challenge studies 800 american buisness Exc. apporx 150 of participants high stress of these some had low illness record |
| Lifton et al | measured hardiness at 5 univerisities low n hardiness represented amognst drop outs high hardiness more likely to complete degree |
| Holroyd et al | compared SIT to biofeedback some with no treatment SIT did best |
| Sheehy and Horan | first year law students 4 weekly sessions lasting 90 mins helped improve grades and lower levels of anxiety |
| Smith and Glass | Conducted Meta-analysis of psychotherapies congitive therapies cited as having some of the most successful outcomes amongst a range of other psychotherapies |
| Kahn et al | using 250 patients ocver 8 weeks found that BZ's were significantly superior to placebos |
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