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Which of the following statements about ecology is incorrect?
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Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?
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BIO Final

QuestionAnswer
Which of the following statements about ecology is incorrect? Ecology is a discipline that is independent from natural selection and evolutionary history
Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive? ecosystem, community, population, individual
Ecology as a discipline directly deals with all of the following levels of biological organization except cellular
Of the following examples of ecological effect leading to an evolutionary effect (→), which is most correct? A few individuals with denser fur survive the coldest days of an ice age → the reproducing survivors all have long fur.
Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities? predation, competition
Which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants and animals? temperature
Coral reefs can be found on the southern east coast of the united states but not at similar latitudes on the southern west coast. Differences in which of the following most likely account for this? ocean currents
Which of the following causes Earths seasons? the tilt of Earths axis
Which of the following events might you predict to occur if the tilt of Earth's axis relative to its plane of orbit was increased 33.5 degrees, currently it is 23 degrees? summers and winters in the US would likely become warmer and colder, respectively
Imagine some cosmic catastrophe jolts Earth so that its axis is perpendicular to the orbital plane between Earth and the sun. The most obvious effect of this change would be the elimination of seasonal variation
The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is because sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle
Which of the following environmental features might influence microclimates? all of the above
The success with which plants extend their range northward following glacial retreat is best determined by their seed dispersal rate
Whihc of the examples below provides appropriate abiotic and biotic factors that might determine the distribution of the species in question? the number of frost-free days and competition between species of introduced grasses and native alpine grasses
Species introduced to new geographic locations can out-compete and displace native species for biotic and abiotic resources
Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and materials between ecosystems? landscape ecology
Which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate? tropical forests-nearly constant day length and temperature
Suppose the number of bird species is determines mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species? tropical rain forest
San Diego has a more temperate climate due to the mountains located to its east. False
The sun has the largest effect on the temperature of the earth True
Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem? interactions between all of the organisms and their physical environment in a tropical rain forest.
A cows herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n) primary consumer
The main cause of the increase in the amount of CO2 in earths atmosphere over the past 150 years is the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels
Which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the dispersal pattern of plants and animals? temperature
Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence? individual, population, community, ecosystem
Which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate? tropical forests-very warm with high precipitation
Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange or different populations in a given area? community ecology
The biosphere is made up of all the ecosystems on the planet True
community is made up of the biotic plus the abiotic False
the climate of the earth has only begun changing since the human species began their existance False
which of these is a statement that Darwin would have rejected? The smallest entity that can evolve is an individual organism
Which definition of evolution would have been most foreign to Charles Darwin during his lifetime? change in gene frequency in gene pools
About which of these did Darwin have a poor understanding? the sources of genetic variations among individuals
Which of these evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to become better suited to their environment over the course of generations? natural selection
Each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, but which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? genetic drift
A trend toward the decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of a cline
If four of the original colonists died before they produced offspring, the ratios of genotypes could be quite different in the subsequent generations. This would be an example of genetic drift
In which population is the frequency of the allele for brown feathers highest? it is impossible to tell from the information given
In which population would it be least likely that an accident would significantly alter the frequency of the brown allele? population B
Which population is most likely to be subject to the bottleneck effect? population A
If the original finches that had been blown over to the Galapagos from south america had already been genetically different from the parental population of south american finches, even before adapting to the galapagos, this would have been an example of founders effect
Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing gene flow
Which describes an African butterfly species that exists in two strikingly different color patterns? disruptive selection
Which describes brightly colors peacocks mating more frequently than drab peacocks? sexual selection
Most swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Those producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this? directional selection
Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic time. Which of the following terms best describes this? directional selection
A certain specie of land snail exists as either a cream color or a solid brown color. Intermediate individuals are relatively rare. Which of the following terms best describes this? disruptive selection
The average birth weight for human babies is about 3 kg. Which of the following terms best describes this? stabilizing selection
Cattle breeders have improved the quality of meat over the years by which process? A and B
Mules are relatively long-lived and hardy organisms that cannot, generally speaking, perform successful meiosis. Consequently, which statement about mules is true? They have a relative evolutionary fitness of zero
In seedcracker finches from cameroon, small-& large-billed birds specialize in cracking soft and hard seeds, respectively. If long-term climate change resulted in all seeds becoming hard, what type of selection would then operate on the finch population? directional selection
What is the of the trait whose frequency distribution in a large population appears above? It had probably undergone stabilizing selection
If the curve shifts to the left or to the right, there is no gene flow, & the population size consequently increases over successive generations, then which of these is (are) probably occurring? 2 and 3
Male satin bowerbirds adorn structures called "bowers", with parrot feathers, flowers in order to attract females. Females inspect the bowers &, if suitably impressed, allow males to mate with them. The evolution of this male behavior is due to sexual selection
What is generally true of two very closely related species that have diverged from each other quite recently? They shared a common ancestor recently in evolutionary time
Males of one species sing only when its predators are absent; males of another species sing only when its predators are present. behavioral
One species lives only in tree holes; another species lives only in streams habitat
Females of one species choose mates based on song quality, females of another species choose mates on the basis of size behavioral
One species mates at the season when daylight is increasing from 13 hours to 13 hours, 15 mins; another species mates at the season when daylight is increasing from 14 hours to 14 hours, 15 minutes. temporal
Males of one species are too small to perform amplexus(an action that stimulates ovulation) with females of another species. mechanical
Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms? habitat isolation
The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation is the relative locations of two populations as a speciation occurs
Which gas was least abundant in Earths early atmosphere, prior to 2 billion years ago? O2
A light microscope is often used to inspect viruses False
Why are viruses referred to as obligate parasites? They cannot produce outside of a host cell
Which of the following molecules make up the viral envelope? hosts membrane
Which of the following accounts for someone who has had a herpesvirus-mediated cold sore or genital sore getting flare-ups for the rest of life? Copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei
Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle? A large number of phages is released at one time
Which of the following terms describes bacteriophage DNA that has become integrated into host cell chromosome? prophages
Retrovirus hereditary information will transform inside of a host cell from what to what? RNA/DNA
Which of the following can be effective in preventing viral infection in humans? getting vaccinated
The capsid of a virus is composed of proteins
A virus will obtain its membraneous envelope from what? host cell
Lytic replication can take years until the virus replicates False
A bacteriophage is a virus that attacks plants False
Viruses can be either RNA or DNA based True
Antibiotics are useful in killing viral infections False
Vaccinations use interferon to attack the virus during replication False
HIV can be cured with the use of antiviral drugs False
Viruses are made up of cells False
Viral DNA that is integrated into the hosts DNA is called a provirus
Which of these organisms do viruses not infect? all can be affected
Which is not a part of a virus ER
Which of the following statements describe the lysogenic cycle of lambda phage? The phage genome replicates along with the host genome
What is the name given to viruses that are single-stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis? retroviruses
What is the function of revers transcriptase in retroviruses? It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
A virus has the ability to create its viral envelope False
Prophage is a deadly virus that can infect humans False
Lytic replication can take years before the symptoms develop False
Once infected with a virus that can undergo lysogenic replication you may have the virus forever True
Plants are immune to all types of viruses False
The most important part of a virus to enter into a host cell is the protein coat False
Most viruses can be seen via a light microscope False
If global warming continues at its present rate, which biomes will likely take the place of the coniferous forest (taiga)? temperate broad leaf forest and grassland
Trees are not usually found in the tundra biome because of permafrost
The growing season would generally be shortest in which of the following biomes? coniferous forest
Which type of biome would most likely occur in a climate with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers (found in california)? chaparral
Tropical grasslands with scattered trees are also known as savannas
Which biome is able to support many large animals despite receiving moderate amounts of rainfall? savanna
An area in which different terrestrial biomes grade into each other is known as a(n) ecotone
Probably the most important factor(s) affecting the distribution of biomes is (are) climate
The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that the members of the population are competing for access to a resource, therefore they are territiorial
A populations carrying capacity is the maximum amount of organisms that can survive in an area
During exponential growth, a population always grows at its maximum per capita rate
Based on current growth rates, Earths human population is 2011 will be closest to 7 billion
The most common kind of dispersion of humans is clumped
Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion? red squirrels, who actively defend territories
Which curve best describes survivorship in marine mollusks? E
Which curve best describes survivorship in humans? A
Which curve best describes survivorship in squirrels? C
Which curve best describes survivorship that is independent of age? C
How are matter and energy used in ecosystem? matter is cycled through ecosystems; energy is not
Which of the following is the pattern of spacing for individuals within the boundaries of the population? cohort
As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation? The growth rate will approach zero
Which of these ecosystems accounts for the largest amount of Earths net primary productivity? open ocean
Which of these ecosystems has the highest net primary productivity per square meter? tropical rain forest
How is it that the open ocean produces the highest net primary productivity of Earth's ecosystems, yet net primary productivity per square meter in relatively low? oceans have the greatest total area
Trophic efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next
In general, the total biomass is a terrestrial ecosystem will be greatest for which trophic level? producers
Which of the following is most likely a tertiary consumer? snake
Which of following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems? energy transfer between tropic levels is in almost all cases less than 20% efficient
Which statement should contain the greatest proportion of extinct organism? B
If "x" indicates the location fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most recent common ancestor are most likely to occur within which stratum? C
Which strata of rock is the youngest? A
Which strata of rock is the oldest? D
Natural selection is based on all of the following except? Individuals do not adapt to their environments and, thereby evolve
Which statement about natural selection is most correct? well adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the next generations gene pool, than do poorly adapted individuals
Which of the following steps has not yet been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life? formation of living cells
Which gas was least abundant in earths early atmosphere, prior to 2 billion years ago? O2
Approx. how far back in time does the fossil record extend? 35,000,000,000 years
Which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes? the oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes
The mesozoic era lasted approx. how long in millions of years? 190 millions years ago
Which is not a period in the mesozoic era? paleogene
Oldest fossil of eukaryotic cell appeared how long ago? 2.5 billion years ago
we are currently in which period? neogen
Which free living cells were the earliest contributors to the formation of Earth's oxidizing atmosphere? cyanobacteria
How many half-lives should have elapsed if 6.25% of the parent isotope remains in a fossil at the time of analysis? four
If the half-life if carbon-14 is about 5,730 years then a fossil that has one-sixteenth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old? 22,900
RNA molecules can both carry genetic information & be catalytic. This supports the proposal that RNA was the first hereditary information
The first genes on Earth were probably auto-catalytic RNA molecules
Which is defining characteristic that all protbionts had in common? a nucleus
Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events in the origin of life? II, III, I, IV
Which of the following has not yet been synthesized in laboratory experiments studying the origin of life? protobionts that use DNA to program protein synthesis
In their laboratory simulations of the early earth, miller and urey observed the abiotic synthesis of amino acids
The cambrian period began 542 billion years ago False
Bony fish developed prior to jelly fish False
Prokaryotic celled organisms developed before Eukaryotic celled organisms True
The mesozoic era was the era of the dinosaurs True
The cenozoic era was the era of the mammals True
Humans appeared about 1.8 billion years ago False
The fossil Salam was from the species Homo Sapien False
Paleontologist believe that man first came to existence in Asia False
The ability for primates to walk upright & intelligence developed at the same time False
The separation between humans & apes was about 6 million years ago True
The following questions are according to the phylogenic tree. How many organisms have gone extinct?
Which have lived the longest
How many millions of years has the manatee lived?
How many species of elephants are still alive?
Which statement best described the evolutions of pesticide resistance in a population of insects? Offspring of insects that are genetically resistant to the pesticide become more abundant as the susceptible insects die off
Darwin used mostly embreological studies in his research on evolution False
Non genetic traits can be passed down from generation to generation False
Species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support True
Natural selection can cause traits to leave a population of species over time True
A trait that is favorable in one environment is always favorable in all enviroments False
Evolution always occurs at a constant and steady rate False
Darwin did most of his researc at the Carribean Islands False
How many separate species, both extant & extinct, are depicted in this tree? 6
According to this tree, what percent of the species seem to be extant (not extinct) 66%
Which if the live common ancestors,labeled V-Z has given rise to the greatest number of species, both extant and extinct? X
Which of the 5 common ancestors, labeled V-Z has been most successful in terms of the percent of its derived species that are extant? Z
During drought years on the Galapagos, small easily eaten seeds become rare, leaving mostly large hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists, for several years. what should one expect to result from natural selection More small-beaked birds dying than large-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks
If the HMS beagle had completely bypassed the Galapagos island, darwin would have had a poorer understanding of the ability of population to undergo modification as they adapt to a particular environment
Natural selection is based on all of the following except? individuals adapt to their environment and thereby, evolve
In Darwins thinking, the more closely related two different organisms are,the more recently they shared a common ancestor
Charles Darwin was the first person to propose a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence
What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell & Darwin? Earth is a few thousand years old & populations are unchanging
Given a population that contains genetic variation. what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence if natural selection? 2 > 4 > 1 > 3
Which of the following statements is an inference of natural selection? subsequent generations of a population should have greater proportions of individual that possess traits better suited for success
When we say that an individual organism has a greater fitness than another individual, we specifically mean that the organism leaves more viable offspring than other of its species
Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, & dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities? By proposing that humans, bats and dolphins share a common ancestor
Which of these evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to become better suited to their environment over the course of generations? natural selection
Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bird? flipper of cetacean
The theory of evolution is most accurately described as an overarching explanation, supported by much evidence, for how populations change over time
Mules are relatively long-lived & hardy organisms that cannot, generally speaking, perform successful meiosis. Consequently which statement is true They have a relative evolutionary fitness of zero
DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Today, instead DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have been required for the pest eradication effort to be successful in the long run? None of the individual insects should have possessed genomes that made them resistant to DDT.
What is generally true of 2 very closely related species that have diverged from each other quite recently? They shared a common ancestor recently in evolutionary time
Select the factor most likely to have caused the animals & plants of India to differ greatly from species in nearby Southeast Asia India was a separate continent until 55 million years ago
Monkeys of South & central America have prehensile tails, meaning their tails grasp objects. Tails of African & Asian monkeys arent prehensile. Which is most likely to provide an evolutionary explanation for how this difference in tails came about? biogeography
Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? all organisms use essentially the same genetic code
If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that they should share fewer homologous structures than 2 more closely related organisms
Which statement best describes the evolution of pesticide resistance in a population of insects? offspring if insects that are genetically resistant to the pesticide become more abundant as the susceptible insects die off
Which is not a proof of evolution habitat isolation
Radioactive dating gives you an exact date of ages of the fossil, that is accurate up to the year False
The appendix could be considered a homologous structure False
Hair on your skin could be considered a vestigal structure True
Pangea was one very large land mass on earth True
Biographical evidence is useful in explaining convergent evolution False
In convergent evolution two closely related species evolutionarily will continue to become more different over time True
Molecular evidence is the most useful tool used by evolutionary biologists/ paleontologists False
You are studying a plant from the arid southwestern US. Which of the following adaptations is least likely to have evolved in response to water shortages development of large leaf surfaces to absorb water
Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals take up from the soil root hairs
A person working with plants may remove apical dominance by doing which pruning
______is to xylem as ___________is to phloem vessel element, sieve tube member
Which of the following are sugar-transporting cells in angiosperms? sieve tube elements
Tap roots are a common root system found in many plants True
The root is the main photosynthesis organ of a plant False
Ground tissue located internal to the vascular tissue is known as pith
Vascular bundle in the shape of a single cellular stele
Created by: kdee_wlkr
 

 



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