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Grade 8 Science

The Physical Science Review

TermDefinition
absolute brightness The brightness a star would have if it were at a standard distance from Earth.
absolute zero The temperature at which no more energy can be removed from matter.
acceleration The rate at which velocity changes.
accuracy How close a measurement is to the true or accepted value.
acid A substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus red.
activation energy The minimum amount of energy needed to get a chemical reaction started.
air resistance The fluid friction experienced by objects falling through the air.
alcohol A substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl groups.
alkali metal An element in Group 1 of the periodic table.
alkaline earth metal An element in Group 2 of the periodic table.
alloy A mixture of two or more elements, one of which is a metal.
alpha particle A type of nuclear radiation consisting of two protons and two neutrons.
amino acid One of 20 kinds of organic compounds that are the monomers of proteins.
amorphous solid A solid made up of particles that are not arranged in a regular pattern.
apparent brightness The brightness of a star as seen from Earth.
Archimedes principle The rule that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid, the object displaces.
asteroid belt The region of the solar system between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where many asteroids are found.
asteroids Rocky objects revolving around the sun that are too small and numerous to be considered planets.
astronomical unit A unit of measurement equal to Earths average distance from the sun, about 150 million kilometers.
astronomy The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space.
atom The basic particle from which all elements are made.
atomic mass The average mass of all the isotopes of an element.
atomic number The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
average speed The overall rate of speed at which an object moves; calculated by dividing the total distance an object travels by the total time.
axis An imaginary line that passes through Earths center and the North and South poles, about which Earth rotates.
balanced forces Equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions.
barometer An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.
base A substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue.
Bernoullis principle The rule that a stream of fast-movingfluid exerts less pressure than the surrounding fluid.
beta particle A fast-moving electron that is given off as nuclear radiation.
big bang The initial explosion that resulted in the formation and expansion of the universe.
binary star A star system with two stars.
black hole An object whose gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
boiling The process that occurs when vaporization takes place inside a liquid as well as on the surface.
boiling point The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas; the same as the condensation point, or temperature at which a gas changes to a liquid.
buoyant force The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object.
calendar A system of organizing time that defines the beginning, length, and divisions of a year.
carbohydrate An energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
carboxyl group A COOH group, found in organic acids.
catalyst A material that increases the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy.
cellulose A complex carbohydrate found in plant structures.
Celsius scale The temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees.
centripetal force A force that causes an object to move in a circle.
chemical bond The force that holds atoms together.
chemical change A change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances.
chemical energy A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.
chemical equation A short, easy way to show a chemical reaction, using symbols.
chemical formula A combination of symbols that represents the elements in a compound.
chemical property A characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into a different substance.
chemical symbol A one- or two-letter representation of an element.
chemistry The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes.
cholesterol A waxy lipid in animal cells.
chromosphere The middle layer of the suns atmosphere.
closed system A system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave.
coefficient A number in front of a chemical formula in an equation that indicates how many molecules or atoms of each reactant and product are involved in a reaction.
colloid A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.
coma The fuzzy outer layer of a comet.
combustion A rapid reaction between oxygen and fuel that results in fire.
comet A loose collection of ice, dust, and small rocky particles, typically with a long, narrow orbit.
communicating The process of sharing ideas with others through writing and speaking.
complex carbohydrate A long chain, or polymer, of simple carbohydrates.
composite A combination of two or more substances that creates a new material with different properties.
compound A pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined.
compression The part of a longitudinal wave where the particles of the medium are close together.
concentrated solution A mixture that has a lot of solute dissolved in it.
concentration The amount of one material in a certain volume of another material.
condensation The change from the gaseous to the liquid state of matter.
conservation of matter The principle stating that matter is not created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.
constellation An imaginary pattern of stars in the sky.
controlled experiment An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.
convection zone The outermost layer of the suns interior.
convex lens A piece of transparent glass curved so that the middle is thicker than the edges.
coordinate A pair of numbers used to determine the position of a point on a graph.
core The central region of the sun, where nuclear fusion takes place.
corona The outer layer of the suns atmosphere.
corrosion The gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction.
corrosive The way in which acids react with some metals so as to eat away the metal.
cosmic background radiation The electromagnetic radiation left over from the big bang.
covalent bond A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons.
crater A large round pit caused by the impact of a meteoroid.
crystal An orderly, three-dimensional pattern of ions or atoms in a solid.
crystalline solid A solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.
dark energy A mysterious force that appears to be causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate.
dark matter Matter that does not give off electromagnetic radiation but is quite abundant in the universe.
data Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations.
data point A point on a graph showing the location of a piece of data.
decomposition A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products.
density The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume.
diamond A form of the element carbon in which the atoms are arranged in a crystal structure.
diatomic molecule A molecule consisting of two atoms.
dilute solution A mixture that has only a little solute dissolved in it.
directly proportional A term used to describe the relationship between two variables whose graph is a straight line passing through the point (0, 0).
displacement The length and direction of a straight line between starting and ending points.
distance The length of a path between two points.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, one type of nucleic acid.
double bond A chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons.
ductile A term used to describe a material that can be pulled out into a long wire.
eclipse The partial or total blocking of one object in space by another.
eclipsing binary A binary star system in which one star periodically blocks the light from the other.
elastic potential energy The energy of stretched or compressed objects.
electrical conductivity The ability of an object to transfer electric current.
electrical energy The energy of moving electrical charges.
electrode A metal strip that conducts electricity.
electromagnetic energy A form of energy that travels through space as waves.
electromagnetic radiation Energy that travels through space in the form of waves.
electron A negatively charged particle that is found outside the nucleus of an atom.
electron dot diagram A representation of the valence electrons in an atom, using dots.
element A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means.
ellipse An oval shape, which may be elongated or nearly circular; the shape of the planets orbits.
elliptical galaxy A galaxy shaped like a round or flattened ball, generally containing only old stars.
endothermic change A change in which energy is taken in.
endothermic reaction A reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat.
energy The ability to do work or cause change.
energy level A region of an atom in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found.
enzyme A biological catalyst that lowers the activation energy of reactions in cells.
equinox The two days of the year on which neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun.
escape velocity The velocity an object must reach to fly beyond a planets or moons gravitational pull.
ester An organic compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic acid.
estimate An approximation of a number based on reasonable assumptions.
evaporation The process that occurs when vaporization takes place only on the surface of a liquid.
exothermic change A change in which energy is given off.
exothermic reaction A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat.
extraterrestrial life Life that exists other than that on Earth.
fatty acid An organic compound that is a monomer of a fat or oil.
fluid A material that can easily flow.
fluid friction Friction that occurs as an object moves through a fluid.
force A push or a pull exerted on an object.
free fall The motion of a falling object when the only force acting on it is gravity.
freezing The change from the liquid to the solid state of matter.
friction The force that one surface exerts on another when the two surfaces rub against each other.
fuel A material that releases energy when it burns.
fullerene A form of carbon that consists of atoms arranged in the shape of a hollow sphere.
galaxy A huge group of single stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity.
gamma radiation A type of nuclear radiation made of high-energy waves.
gas A state of matter with no definite shape or volume.
gas giants The name often given to the first four outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
geocentric A model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of the revolving planets and stars.
geostationary orbit An orbit in which a satellite orbits Earth at the same rate as Earth rotates and thus stays over the same place all the time.
globular cluster A large, round, densely-packed grouping of older stars.
glucose A simple carbohydrate; the monomer of many complex carbohydrates.
graph A picture of information from a data table; shows the relationship between variables.
graphite A form of the element carbon in which a carbon atom is bonded tightly to three other carbon atoms in flat layers.
gravitational potential energy Potential energy that depends on the height of an object.
gravity The force that pulls objects toward each other.
greenhouse effect The trapping of heat by a planets atmosphere.
group Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table; also called family.
halogen An element found in Group 17 of the periodic table.
heliocentric A model of the solar system in which Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram A graph relating the surface temperatures and absolute brightnesses of stars.
heterogeneous mixture A mixture in which pure substances are unevenly distributed throughout the mixture.
homogeneous mixture A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture.
horizontal axis (or x-axis) A line that runs left to right along the bottom of a graph, on which the manipulated variable (or independent variable) is labeled.
Hubbles law The observation that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away.
hydraulic system A system that multiplies force by transmitting pressure from a small surface area through a confined fluid to a larger surface area.
hydrocarbon An organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen.
hydrogen ion A positively charged ion (H+) formed of a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron.
hydroxide ion A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen (OH).
hydroxyl group An OH group, found in alcohols.
hypothesis A possible explanation for a set of observations or answer to a scientific question; must be testable.
indicator A compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base.
inert gas An element found in Group 18 of the periodic table.
inertia The tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion.
inferring The process of making an inference, an interpretation based on observations and prior knowledge.
inhibitor A material that decreases the rate of a reaction.
instantaneous speed The speed of an object at one instant of time.
inversely proportional A term used to describe the relationship between two variables whose product is constant.
ion An atom or group of atoms that has become electrically charged.
ionic bond The attraction between oppositely charged ions.
ionic compound A compound that consists of positive and negative ions.
irregular galaxy A galaxy that does not have a regular shape.
isomers Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structures.
isotope An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.
Kelvin scale The temperature scale on which zero is the temperature at which no more energy can be removed from matter.
kinetic energy Energy that an object has due to its motion.
Kuiper belt A doughnut-shaped region that stretches from around Plutos orbit to about 100 times Earths distance from the sun.
law of conservation of energy The rule that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
law of conservation of matter The principle that the total amount of matter is neither created nor destroyed during any chemical or physical change.
law of conservation of momentum The rule that in the absence of outside forces the total momentum of objects that interact does not change.
law of universal gravitation The scientific law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object.
lift An upward force.
light-year The distance that light travels in one year, about 9.5 million million kilometers.
line of best fit A smooth line that reflects the general pattern in a graph.
linear graph A line graph in which the data points yield a straight line.
lipid An energy-rich organic compound made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol are lipids.
liquid A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.
lunar eclipse The blocking of sunlight to the moon that occurs when Earth is directly between the sun and the moon.
main sequence A diagonal area on an H-R diagram that includes more than 90 percent of all stars.
malleable A term used to describe material that can be pounded into shapes.
manipulated variable The one factor that a scientist changes during an experiment; also called independent variable.
maria Dark, flat areas on the moons surface formed from huge ancient lava flows.
mass A measure of how much matter is in an object.
mass number The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
matter Anything that has mass and occupies space.
mechanical energy Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object.
melting The change from the solid to the liquid state of matter.
melting point The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid; the same as the freezing point, or temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.
meniscus The curved upper surface of a liquid in a column of liquid.
metal A class of elements characterized by physical properties that include shininess, malleability, ductility, and conductivity.
metallic bond An attraction between a positive metal ion and the electrons surrounding it.
meteor A streak of light in the sky produced by the burning of a meteoroid in Earths atmosphere.
meteorite A meteoroid that passes through the atmosphere and hits Earths surface.
meteoroid A chunk of rock or dust in space.
microgravity The condition of experiencing weightlessness in orbit.
mixture Two or more substances that are mixed together but not chemically combined.
model Physical, mental, visual, and other representations of an idea to help people understand a concept that they cannot observe directly.
molecular compound A compound that is composed of molecules.
molecule A neutral particle made of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds.
momentum The product of an objects mass and velocity.
monomer One molecule that makes up the links in a polymer chain.
moon A natural satellite that revolves around a planet.
motion The state in which one objects distance from another is changing.
nanotube A form of carbon that consists of atoms in the form of a long, hollow cylinder.
neap tide The tide with the least difference between consecutive low and high tides.
nebula A large cloud of gas and dust in space, spread out in an immense volume.
net force The overall force on an object when all the individual forces acting on it are added together.
neutral A word used to describe a solution with a pH of 7.
neutralization A reaction of an acid with a base, yielding a solution that is not as acidic or basic as the starting solutions were.
neutron A small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical charge.
neutron star The small, dense remains of a high-mass star after a supernova.
newton A unit of measure that equals the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at 1 meter per second per second.
Newtons first law of motion The scientific law that states that an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion with a constant speed and direction unless acted on by a force.
nonlinear graph A line graph in which the data points do not fall along a straight line.
nonmetal An element that lacks most of the properties of a metal.
nonpolar bond A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.
nuclear fusion The process by which hydrogen atoms join together in the suns core to form helium.
nucleic acid A very large organic compound made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus; examples are DNA and RNA.
nucleotide An organic compound that is one of the monomers of nucleic acids.
nucleus The central core of the atom; the solid inner core of a comet.
observatory A building that contains one or more telescopes.
observing The process of using one or more of your senses to gather information.
Oort cloud A spherical region of comets that surrounds the solar system.
open cluster A star cluster that has a loose, disorganized appearance and contains no more than a few thousand stars.
open system A system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings.
optical telescope A telescope that uses lenses or mirrors to collect and focus visible light.
orbit The path of an object as it revolves around another object in space.
orbital velocity The velocity a rocket must achieve to establish an orbit around a body in space.
organic acid A substituted hydrocarbon with one or more of the COOH group of atoms.
organic compounds Most compounds that contain carbon.
origin The (0, 0) point on a line graph; where the x-axis and y-axis cross on a graph.
parallax The apparent change in position of an object when seen from different places.
parameter A factor that can be measured in an experiment.
particle accelerator A machine that moves atomic nuclei at higher and higher speeds until they crash into one another, sometimes forming heavier elements.
pascal A unit of pressure equal to 1 newton per square meter.
Pascals principle The rule that when force is applied to a confined fluid, the increase in pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid.
penumbra The part of a shadow surrounding the darkest part.
period A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.
periodic table A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties.
pH scale A range of values used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
phase One of the different apparent shapes of the moon as seen from Earth.
photosphere The inner layer of the suns atmosphere that gives off its visible light; the suns surface.
physical change A change in a substance that does not change its identity.
physical property A characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance.
physics The study of matter, energy, motion, and forces, and how they interact.
planetary nebula A huge cloud of gas that is created when the outer layers of a red giant star drift out into space.
planetesimal One of the small asteroid-like bodies that formed the building blocks of the planets.
plastic A synthetic polymer that can be molded or shaped.
polar bond A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally.
polyatomic ion An ion that is made of more than one atom.
polymer A large molecule in which many smaller molecules are bonded together.
potential energy Stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object.
precipitate A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.
precision How close a group of measurements are to each other.
predicting The process of forecasting what will happen in the future based on past experience or evidence.
pressure The force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which the force is exerted.
product A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
projectile An object that is thrown.
prominence A huge, reddish loop of gas that protrudes from the suns surface, linking parts of sunspot regions.
protein An organic compound that is a polymer of amino acids.
proton A positively charged particle that is part of an atoms nucleus.
protostar A contracting cloud of gas and dust with enough mass to form a star.
pulsar A rapidly spinning neutron star that produces radio waves.
quasar An enormously bright, distant galaxy with a giant black hole at its center.
radiation zone A region of very tightly packed gas in the suns interior where energy is transferred mainly in the form of light.
radio telescope A device used to detect radio waves from objects in space.
radioactive decay The process in which the atomic nuclei of unstable isotopes release fast-moving particles and energy.
radioactivity The spontaneous emission of radiation by an unstable atomic nucleus.
reactant A substance that enters into a chemical reaction.
reactivity The ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements and compounds.
reference point A place or object used for comparison to determine if an object is in motion.
reflecting telescope A telescope that uses a curved mirror to collect and focus light.
refracting telescope A telescope that uses convex lenses to gather and focus light.
remote sensing The collection of information about Earth and other objects in space using satellites or probes.
replacement A reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound or when two elements in different compounds trade places.
reproducibility How close a group of measurements are to each other.
responding variable The factor that changes as a result of changes to the manipulated, or independent, variable in an experiment; also called dependent variable.
revolution The movement of an object around another object.
ring A thin disk of small ice and rock particles surrounding a planet.
RNA Ribonucleic acid, a type of nucleic acid.
rocket A device that expels gas in one direction to move in the opposite direction.
rolling friction Friction that occurs when an object rolls over a surface.
rotation The spinning motion of a planet on its axis.
rover A small robotic space probe that can move about the surface of a planet or moon.
salt An ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base.
satellite Any object that orbits around another object in space.
saturated hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds.
saturated solution A mixture that contains as much dissolved solute as is possible at a given temperature.
science A way of learning about the natural world through observations and logical reasoning; leads to a body of knowledge.
scientific inquiry The ongoing process of discovery in science; the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence they gather.
scientific law A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions.
scientific notation A mathematical method of writing numbers using powers of ten.
scientific theory A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results.
semiconductor A material that conducts current under certain conditions.
semimetal An element that has some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
SI (Systme International dUnits) International System of Units; a version of the metric system used by scientists all over the world.
significant figures All the digits in a measurement that have been measured exactly, plus one digit whose value has been estimated.
sliding friction Friction that occurs when one solid surface slides over another.
slope The steepness of a line on a graph, equal to its vertical change divided by its horizontal change.
solar eclipse The blocking of sunlight to Earth that occurs when the moon is directly between the sun and Earth.
solar flare An eruption of gas from the suns surface that occurs when the loops in sunspot regions suddenly connect.
solar nebula A large cloud of gas and dust, such as the one that formed our solar system.
solar wind A stream of electrically charged particles that emanate from the suns corona.
solid A state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume.
solstice The two days of the year on which the sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the equator.
solubility A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent at a given temperature.
solute The part of a solution present in a lesser amount and dissolved by the solvent.
solution A well-mixed mixture containing a solvent and at least one solute that has the same properties throughout.
solvent The part of a solution that is present in the largest amount and dissolves a solute.
space probe A spacecraft that has various scientific instruments that can collect data, including visual images, but has no human crew.
space shuttle A spacecraft that can carry a crew into space, return to Earth, and then be reused for the same purpose.
space spinoff An item that has uses on Earth but was originally developed for use in space.
space station A large artificial satellite on which people can live and work for long periods.
spectrograph An instrument that separates light into colors and makes an image of the resulting spectrum.
spectrum The range of wavelengths of electromagnetic waves.
speed The distance an object travels per unit of time.
spiral galaxy A galaxy with a bulge in the middle and arms that spiral outward in a pinwheel pattern.
spring tide The tide with the greatest difference between consecutive low and high tides.
starch A complex carbohydrate in which plants store energy.
static friction Friction that acts on objects that are not moving.
structural formula A description of a molecule that shows the kind, number, and arrangement of atoms.
sublimation The change in state from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state.
subscript A number in a chemical formula that tells the number of atoms in a molecule or the ratio of elements in a compound.
substance A single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties.
substituted hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by atoms of other elements.
sunspot A dark area of gas on the suns surface that is cooler than surrounding gases.
supernova The brilliant explosion of a dying supergiant star.
supersaturated solution A mixture that has more dissolved solute than is predicted by its solubility at a given temperature.
surface tension The result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together; causes the surface to act as if it has a thin skin.
suspension A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration.
synthesis A chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a new, more complex substance.
telescope A device built to observe distant objects by making them appear closer.
temperature A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.
tension Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle.
terrestrial planets The name often given to the four inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
thermal conductivity The ability of an object to transfer electric current.
thermal energy The total potential and kinetic energy of the particles in an object.
thrust The reaction force that propels a rocket forward.
tide The periodic rise and fall of the level of water in the ocean.
tracer A radioactive isotope that can be followed through the steps of a chemical reaction or industrial process.
transition metal One of the elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table.
triple bond A chemical bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons.
umbra The darkest part of a shadow.
unbalanced force Forces that produce a nonzero net force, which changes an objects motion.
universe All of space and everything in it.
unsaturated hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon in which one or more of the bonds between carbon atoms is double or triple.
unsaturated solution A mixture that contains less dissolved solute than is possible at a given temperature.
vacuum A place that is empty of all matter.
valence electrons The electrons that are in the highest energy level of an atom and that are involved in chemical reactions.
vaporization The change of state from a liquid to a gas.
vector A measurable quantity that consists of both a magnitude and a direction.
velocity Speed in a given direction.
vertical axis (or y-axis) A line that runs up and down along the side of a graph, on which the responding variable (or dependent variable) is labeled.
viscosity A liquids resistance to flowing.
visible light Electromagnetic radiation that can be seen with the unaided eye.
volume The amount of space that matter occupies.
wavelength The distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next wave.
weight A measure of the force of gravity on an object.
white dwarf The blue-white hot core of a star that is left behind after its outer layers have expanded and drifted out into space.
work Force exerted on an object that causes it to move.
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