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Define the anatomical reference terms lateral, medial, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior
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Define the anatomical reference terms: superficial, deep, proximal, and distal
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ORELA PE
ORELA PE STUDY CARDS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define the anatomical reference terms lateral, medial, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior | lateral=further from the medial(middle) medial=middle anterior=facing forward/front posterior=facing backwards/back superior=facing towards the top inferior-facing towards the bottom |
| Define the anatomical reference terms: superficial, deep, proximal, and distal | superficial=surface deep-inside proximal=closer to the trunk or to some major joint distal=further away from trunk or major joing |
| Identify 3 sections of a long bone | central shaft=diaphysis (contains bone marrow-blood cells are produced) two knobby ends=epiphyses (contains alveolar-handles stress of bone) Outside of bone-periosteum (carries blood vessels and assists in repairing bones that have fractured) |
| Describe and discuss these types of joints: ball and socket, hinge, gliding | ball and socket- round/concave=filled with fluid to allow smooth movement of two parts hinge-covex surface fits against the convcave surface of the other= only one motion can occur (example=elbow) gliding-flat surfaces=limited movement (ex: base of hand |
| What is the ellipsoid joint? Shape? Movement? Example | ellipsoid-oval shaped fits into elliptical cavity- movement in 2 planes (ex: wrist) |
| What is the Pivot joint? Shape? Movement? Example. | pivot-pointed area fits into ring like structure- rotation movement only (ex: base of spine and pelvis connected) |
| What is the Saddle Joint? Shape? Movement? Example. | saddle-saddle shaped-movement occurs in 2 planes (ex: thumb to the hand) |
| Describe the pelvis | Largh, cylindrical structure of several bones; bears all weight of upper body; absorbs shocks from lower body during running, jumping |
| Describe and discuss cartilage | 1.covers the joints at end of bones 2. supports the joint structure and protects fragile bone tissue 3. needs to absorb shock, long term stress results in arthritis 4. Fibrocartilage is in knees and vertebraes because it is resilent |
| Explain a joint capsule | 1. sleeve that surrounds a joint 2. prevents loss of fluid and binding together the ends of the joint 3. outside is tough/inside soft 4. fibers on the outside=ligaments; fibers on inside=synovial membrane-this keeps joint lubricated and removes debris |
| What are ligaments and what are their functions? | Ligaments are dense bundles of fibers running parallel to one another from one bone in a joint to another. They are part of a joint capsule. They aren't like muscles-they can not contract. |
| What are the functions of ligaments? | Strengthen and support joints by absorbing some of the tension in movement. 2. they can hurt b/c they contain nerve cells-so they are able to alert a person to unnatural or dangerous movement of the joint 2. they can be strained or ruptured |
| What is muscle tissue? | Made up of bundles of fibers which are held in position and separated by various partitions. Contains muscle cells which have thick filament of myosin and thin fillaments of actin. |
| How does muscle tissue contract? | When a nerve stimulates the muscle and the thin filaments compress with the sarcomere, causing a general muscle contraction. |
| How is a muscle attached to a bone? | A muscle is attached to 2 different bones; they may be attached to bones by means of tendons or muscle fibers. |
| Describe how the muscle is used in aiding bones move | In the movement of body, the origin bone is still and the insertion bone moves because of a muscle contraction. |
| Describe muscle shape | All come in a variety of sizes based on their function: Trapezius-muscle fibers are in a broad, flat pattern biceps-long, narrow muscle |
| what are muscles called that only cross over one joint? | Monarticular |
| what are muscles called that cross/extend across and move more than one joint called? | Polyarticular |
| What are longer muscles usually capable of? | Producing highly visible external movements- for example, lifting and moving heavy objects |
| What are small, deep muscles more often responsible for? | balancing, precise movements |
| After a baby, how long should a woman wait to resume exercise? | 4 weeks-vigorous activity right away-abdominal strengthening gradually increase intensity as they progress |
| What is time/duration? | Length of time an individual session of exercise should last |
| What is alcoholism? | Inability to control consumption, continued drinking despite negative consequences, and distorted thinking patterns. |
| What is drug abuse? | A drug is any chemical substance that changes the way a person acts or feels. Drug abuse is excessive drug use that is not permitted by a medical person. |
| What are ways to administer drugs? | Oral, injected, inhaled |
| What is basic first aid for treating an open wound? | 1. cover with sterile gauze or clean clother 2. apply direct pressure for 5-15 minutes 3. Elevate wound above the heart 4. place a plastic bag of ice or cold water on top |
| What is basic first aid when treating internal bleeding or a bloody nose? | 1. do not allow them to take any fluids or meds 2. lay them flat and cover with a light blanket 3. seek medical attention immediately 4. Bloody nose- sit down, lean forward and apply pressure 10 minutes |
| What is basic first aid for a broken nose? | 1. restrict them from moving 2. ensure they are breathing normally 3. apply pressure to the wound if bleeding |
| What is basic first aid for treating burns? | |
| How does a person train to develop speed over intermediate distances? | In order to train for running distances of up to 2 miles, athletes need to train the anaerobic fast twitch muscle fibers. Best done through interval traninig (distances b/t 100-400 yards) |
| Which stage of development is typically characterized by slow and steady physical growth, refinement of fundamental motor skills, and the ability to think in concrete operational terms | the middle childhood years (ages 6 to 11) |
| Name the beginner skills needed for a soccer kick | 1. Maintain a flexed base leg. 2. Exert the kicking knee forward and extend the lower leg. 3. Square the hips and shoulders toward the goal |
| According to the National Standards for Physical Education of the NASPE, at which grade level should a student first be able to set a personal responsibilty goal | Grade 6 |
| When a diabetic's blood sugar is too high during exercise it is called what? | Hyperglycemia |
| When a diabetic's blood sugar is too low during exercise it is called what? | Hypoglycemia |
| What would be most instructive from a biomechanical standpoint for improving a swing? | The study of biomechanics is being used to improve athletic performance. Analyzing an athlete's movements using high-speed videos and speed measuring devices can help an athlete adjust his/her movements and perhaps improve performance. |
| What part of the body is mainly used for nonlocomotor movements? | Upper Body The upper body is used to perform such nonlocomotor movements as swinging, twisting, turning, stretching, swaying and bending. Other parts of the body may be used as well. However, the upper body is the part that usually begins the movement. |
| Learning, memory and cognition are all necessary for success with any skill but are not the same. What are the parts of learning? | Cognition is thinking. Cognition is the basis for learning and retention. Memory is retention. Learning depends on memory. Practice facilitates learning and memory. Learning is permanent and dependent on feedback. |
| What type of muscle action involves the production of constant force? | Isontic- b/c it involves no change in the muscle length (it is constant) |
| In Understanding Health from US dept. of health, One objective of this plan is to increase the proportion of adolescents who engage in moderate physical activities to what? | at least 30 minutes for 5 or more of the previous 7 days |
| Another objective of the US dept of Health plan is to increase the proportion of adolescents who participate in VIGOROUS activity to what? | 3 or more times a week for 20 or more minutes per session of this plan. |
| Which test helps determine an individual's maximum aerobic capacity? | graded exercise test |
| What can anticipation do? | It can make reaction time faster |
| If an individual has experienced a heat injury, what symptoms may indicate a serious problem and require immediate attention? | No sweating, cramping, chills, vomiting |
| What are the 3 areas motor learning is concerned with? | 1. Motor learning 2. Motor Development 3. Motor Control |
| What is motor learning? | Study of the acquisition of skills as a consequence of practice. |
| What is motor control? | Study of the neural mechanisms and processes by which movements are learned and controlled. |
| When was the early period? Who was involved? What did they say? | 1880-1940; Thorndike- Law of Effect When responses were rewarded, the behavior strengthen |
| When was the middle period? Who was involved? What did they say? | 1940-1970; Craik focused research on how the brain processes and uses information to determine the motor response. Henry: “Memory drum theory” (role of cognitive activity in motor learning) |
| When is the present period? Who was involved? What did they say? | 1970-present Emergence of motor learning and motor control within physical education programs. Closed Loop theory (Adams) Schema theory (Schmidt) Dynamical Systems theory (Kelso) |
| Define Sport Psychology | study of the behavior, feelings, and thoughts of people engaged in sport, exercise, and physical activity. 2. How the learning environment can be organized to optimize the acquisition of motor skills. |
| What are the 4 parts in the information processing models? | Input-Information from the environment through the senses. Decision-making-Input evaluation and integration with past information Response selection-Output Response execution Feedback-Information about the performance and quality of the movement |
| What are the 3 stages of Motor Response? | 1. stimulus or the identification stage 2. response or selection stage 3. response or programming stage. |
| What response is sometimes called the functional stretch reflex or long-loop reflex? | M2 Response |
| What response is one of the most rapid reflexes underlying limb control. It is also prompted when a load is added unexpectedly by the stretching of the muscle spindles that lie in the muscle. | M1 response |
| What are the 4 stages of accepting a multicultural environment? | Isolate, inquiry, contact, integration |
| What are the 4 stages of the Process Model? | 1. Sight 2. Storage 3. Encoding 4. Retrieval 3. 4. |
| Yoga: Body and Mind refers to who? | Asana |
| Yoga: State of Awareness refers to who? | Samadhi |
| Yoga: Regulated Breathing refers to who? | Pranayama |
| Yoga: Religious Practices | Niyama |
| Which period of time associated physical activity with labor and survival only? | Colonial |
| When children begin to understand the motivation of other children and cooperate in a united effort is called what? This usually does not occur until age 12. | Role taking |
| Between what years was it believed that Alphonso Borrelli wrote the first biomechanical text, "De Motu Animallium"? | 1608-1681 |
| was the time frame it was believed that Between what years did Aristotle examine and write about complex movements such as running and walking? | 384-322 BCE. |
| Between what years did Leonardo da Vinci examined the function of the human body? | 1452-1521 |
| Which method(s) is characterized by rapid acquisition and quick improvement but a low retention level? | Constant: repeating the same movement under the same conditions |
| What is CONSTANT method of teaching skill? | Constant: repeating the same movement under the same conditions |
| What are the 4 types of practice? | Constant, Variable, Blocked, and Random |
| What is a VARIABLE type of practice? | Variable: repeating a movement under various conditions, such as a change in distance |
| What is a BLOCKED type of practice? | Blocked: several skills practiced in a particular order *Constant or blocked practice can lead to rapid acquisition of a skill and rapid improvement. However, the performer may not retain the skill when conditions vary. |
| What ia a RANDOM type of practice? | Random: players vary the skill at each turn |
| What is the formula to calculate maximum heart rate? | 220-age |
| What is the maximum heart rate for a 7 year old? | 213 |
| What does Kinematics focus on? | Motion without reference to masses or forces |
| With simulation software, students use what to make a realistic representation of the skill? | Computer software |
| What is it called when simulators are use to help students to learn how to do an activity? | Procedural |
| What is the formula for determining BMI? | Weight(kg)/ Height2 (meters) Covert from weight to lbs- LB/2.2=kg Covert from inches to meters: (H x 2.54)/100 |
| An example of a standardized test grading system utilizing points or ratings is called? | Fitness test- help teachers to meet instructional outcomes established by their school districts, as these tests provide scoring to demonstrate student progress and information on the student’s overall health. |
| What are 2 examples of fitness tests? | FitnessGram and the Aerobic Capacity test |
| What does an ergogeneic aid do for students? | Ergogenic aids are substances some student uses to increase physical performance. These aids can include steroids or stimulants. Some students believe these aids help prevent an injury, provide stress relief or help build muscle mass. |
| An absolute point of which of the following is necessary in order to achieve a ratio measurement? | O |
| What causes the low-back pain that affects many people? | Stress, Weak abdominal Muscles, Poor Flexibility |
| What is the OVERLOAD Principle? | The need to increase the workload to make improvements in strength and endurance -should be gradual in order to avoid injury. *usually linked to strength training |
| What are some side effects of Steroids? | raising the blood pressure, causing high cholesterol and even damaging the level. |
| What is a professional development method and an assessment of instruction approach which matches up teachers to observe each other | Peer Coaching |
| What are goals of an assessment associated with teaching a physical education program? | Determining Teacher Effectiveness-can identify the effectiveness of: a physical education program, teacher’s instructional methods, provide motivation to students for improvement, and identify a student’s abilities |
| What are 2 examples of the beginner's level of the "receiving" movement pattern? | Visual tracking and Absorption |
| What is 1 example of an intermediate level of the "receiving" movement pattern? | Hand eye coordination |
| What is 1 example of an advanced level the "receiving" movement pattern? | Setting up for the next move |
| A type of research where a hypothesis is tested and in some cases redefined is known as what? | Empirical research (for example work out 3-5 days per week) |
| The concept of random practice is associated with several hypothesis such as the forgetting hypothesis is called what? | Spacing Hypothesis |
| What are the 4 components of health-related fitness? | Cardio-respiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition |
| What are principles for maintaining physical fitness? | Frequency, Intensity, Time |
| What components guide the physical fitness phase of the curriculum? | Cardio-respiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, and body composition |
| The muscles, tendons, ligaments, and sensory receptors are what level of the motor pathways? | lowest level of the motor pathways |
| The muscles, tendons, ligaments, and sensory receptors are involved in what kind of motor usage? | involved in motor control and reflexes. |
| What technology allows for collaboration and promotion of communication? | Wiki |
| When students have a carpet square and are changing from hopping, jumping, and twirling, what are they learning? | he students are remaining in formation while changing activity. This is a cognitive transition. They are also learning about boundaries, rules, and signals for change |
| Define Space Diagram | representation of an object in the environment in which it is to be studied |
| Define Fatigue | failure of a material caused by loading. |
| What is as a muscle’s ability to exert rotatory force on a limb | Spurt and Shunt Muscles |
| What is exteroception? | any type of information that is obtained through the senses, for example smell, vision and hearing. These senses clue the individual into what is happening around them. |
| What should instruction focus on? | strategic or conceptual aspects of the performance. |
| Once the student has Mastered the basic skills, what is next for them to learn? | Strategy |
| Whaat is Idealism? | Understanding self and character development, the mind and knowledge |
| What is Humanism? | Develop personal talents and total potential; self-actualization |
| What is Pragmaticism? | Experience, learning by doing; developing social responsibility |
| What is Naturalism? | Individual readiness to learn |
| What is Realism? | Objectives, outcomes, and evidence |
| What is Existentialism? | Self-awareness and self-responsibility |
| What is Constructivism? | Student learn how to learn; learning is based on prior knowledge |
| Which traditional philosophy for physical education focuses on the WHOLE person? | Humanism |
| Motion that is not linear is called what? | Angular Motion |
| At the age of 6 (when most students are in 1st grade), students should be able to perform what skills? | run, throw and skip |
| At age of 10, 60% of students are able to master what skill? | Jumping |
| At age of 5 (when most students are in kindergardent), they should be able to perform what skills? | running and throwing |
| By the age of 7, what skills are most students able to master? | Catching |
| By the age of 8, what skills are most students able to master? | Hopping and kicking |
| What is Aerobic Soccer Training (A.S.T)? | first soccer training program that uses rhythm precision. This means learning the skill rhythmically. |
| What are the 2 types of Transition in PE? | 1. Cognitive/activity Transition 2. Formation/Physical Transition |
| What does Cognitive/activity Transition Mean? | means the mental preparation needed to change from one activity to another |
| What does Formation/Physical Transition mean? | Movement from one place to another |
| Which area of biomechanics focuses on studying the movement patterns of injured or disabled people? | Rehabilitative Biomechanics |
| What is the effect name of irrelevant directional or location information that interferes with the action. | Simon |
| What is the effect name that means limitation that dictates the minimum score that can be achieved by a learner | floor |
| What effect is the delay in responding due to competition from automatically processed information? | Stroop |
| What excercise has been linked to increase in upper respiratory infections? | Supra-maximal exercising, such as marathon running |
| What is the Convergent Solving problem method? | process where the teacher is able to help a student identify numerous solutions to a problem. They can apply this problem solving approach to determine the best way to perform a physical activity. |
| When you scan something into the computer, you are using what kind of recognition software? | OCR= Optical Character Recognition |
| What is a Buoyant Landing when sliding? | bending the knees when landing and using a quick, bouncy like movement to jump up from the landing. |
| What is a yielding landing when sliding? | bends the knees, but the knees absorb the force from the landing and the student remains grounded and does not jump up. |
| What are The five competencies identified by SCANS for effective workers are: | 1. Use of Resources 2. Use of Interpersonal Skills 3. Information Skills 4. Use of Systems 5. Use of Technology |
| Define PROGRESSION | steady increase in the quantitative (efficiency) and qualitative (effectiveness) aspects of a skill or task |
| Define SCOPE | is the breadth and depth of the content of the program |
| DEFINE SEQUENCE | the order or progression of the curriculum from lesson to lesson or year to year. |
| Demonstrates understanding of movement concepts, principles, strategies, and tactics as they apply to the learning and performance of physical activities." Is standard #? | 2 |
| Values physical activity for health, enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, or social interaction." is standard #? | 6 |
| Demonstrates competency in motor skills and movement patterns needed to perform a variety of physical activities is standard #? | 1 |
| Exhibits responsible personal and social behavior that respects self and others in physical activity settings." is standard #? | 5 |
| How many minutes of daily physical activity should a preschooler have? | 2 hours |
| What kind of Assessments provides information for tracking improvement, comparing normative data, determining readiness, grouping students, and assessing programs. | Traditional Assessments (teacher oriented) |
| Which kind of assessments shift the responsibility for learning to the student? | Authentic Assessments (student oriented) |
| What is a closed loop control? | involves the use of feedback and activity of error detection and correction processes to maintain a desired state. |
| What is an open loop control? | type of control involves the use of centrally determined, prestructured commands sent to the effector system and executed without feedback used by individuals to control rapid, discrete movements |
| What is a Comparator control? | error-detection mechanism contained in closed loop control systems. |
| What is the shared model? | uses another subject to provide a visual correlation to the physical education concept. For example, the teacher wants to her students excited about jumping rope. So, she plays upbeat music before the students start to jump rope. |
| What are 3 benefits of using the shared model? | 1. provides students with a mental picture and auditory feel 2. helps students to understand how many skills and movements in physical education are used in other subjects. 3. helps the student to understand and remember the skills they have learned. |
| What are the points a swimmer earns for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place? | 1st=6 2nd=4 3rd=3 |
| What performance cues appears frequently during an advanced level of the "landings" movement pattern? | Change of direction |
| What performance cues appear frequently during an intermediate level of the "landings" pattern? | Body alignment (base of support) Pre-stretch (preparation for spring). Absorption of body force/force vectors. |
| Students who engage in physical activities such as diving, and swimming require at the least how many servings of grain products each day? | 5 |
| What is a "force platform"? | It is the scale developed by biomechanists to measure the impact forces between the shoe and the ground |
| What is a motion recording device? | It is an optical device used to capture body motion and provide permanent recorded images of movement that can be evaluated with more precision than the human eye capability |
| What is magnetic resonance imaging? | It provides a computer-generated two dimensional image of any body part |
| What are some examples of intermediate level of the "sending" movement pattern | Action of non-moving arm Range of Motion |
| What is an example of a beginner's level of the "sending" movement pattern? | Direction of body alignment |
| What is DISPLACEMENT? | act of changing the position of the body. |
| What part of the nervous system is active when an individual is in a state of rest? | parasympathetic nervous system |
| What system is active at times of stress? | sympathetic system |
| What part of the nervous system involuntarily controls body functions? | Autonomic |
| What variable has been found to be of high importance during the early stages of motor learning? | Cognition or Thought Process (ability to process the information learning) |
| Hand-eye coordination is what level of the "receiving" movement pattern? | Intermediate level |
| Velocity of motion and Center of gravit is what level of the "receiving" movement pattern? | Advanced level |
| Visual tracking is what level of the "receiving" movement pattern? | beginning |
| The Power Forward is able to do what on the BB court? | Clear space under the basket |
| The Center should be your best what? | shot blocker/rebounder |
| Define Impulse | effect of a force acting over a period of time |
| The movement concept flow can be divided into 2 types of flows called what? | 1. Bound Flow 2. Free Flow |
| What movement concept do you use when you swing a bat? | Flow b/c you can speed up or slow down |
| When does puberty end? | When you are able to reproduce |
| What is divirgent Problem solving? | students are challenged to find many different ways to solve a problem. Divergent problems have an infinite number of responses. |
| Give an example of divirgent problem solving activity focusing on the "whole child". | pair up and find different ways to throw a ball |
| What is Convergent Problem Solving? | one or more correct answers must be discovered by the students. Sometimes this approach is called guided discovery. Students work to converge on a correct answer. Parameters are set by the problem. |
| Give an example of Convergent Problem Solving | 3 students have to figure out a way to get across the finish line on 2 legs |
| What movement principles does hand dribbling involve? | stability, accuracy and inertia |
| What movement principles does throwing involve? | Momentum, speed, and balance |
| What movement principles does kicking and catching involve? | force absorption |
| What are the 4 principles of Gearge Bush's 2002 U.S. health initiative? | 1. Be physically active every day. 2. Eat a nutritious diet. 3. Get prevention screenings 4. Make Healthy Choices |
| The Motor Control Theory explains what system and movements? | Nervous system in both movements and coordinated movements |
| The Motor Control Theory includes what 2 systems? | Closed Loop system and Open Loop System |
| What grade's benchmark is is selecting and participating in moderate to vigorous activity during free time | 2nd grade |
| Body management skills are a necessity in controlling body movements during all physical activities. What are they? (5) | Flexibility, agility, balance, coordination, strength |
| In flag football, what developmental level focuses on skills such as punting, blocking, stance, carrying the ball, lateral pass, handing off the ball and running and dodging. | Development Level II |
| What development level are students who are in grades 3-6 and older typically learn skills at? | Developmental Level II and III |
| What developmental level includes basic skills? | Developmental Level I |
Created by:
Vbwhitney