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Spine Stack
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 areas of the spine? | • Cervical • Thoracic • Lumbar • Sacral • Coxygeal |
| Which areas of the vertebra have a lordotic curve? | • Cervical • Lumbar |
| Which areas of the vertebra have a kyphotic curve? | • Thoracic • Sacral • Coccyx |
| How many cervical bones are there? | 7 |
| How many thoracic bones are there? | 12 |
| How many lumbar bones are there? | 5 |
| How many sacral bones are there? | 5 (fused) |
| How many coxygeal bones are there? | 3 (fused) |
| Besides the vertebral bones, what are the other 2 area that the neck and trunk muscles attach? | occipital bone & ribs |
| What are some important features of the occipital bone? | foramen magnum occipital condyles - where atlas articulates. |
| What are some interesting features of the cervical vertebrae? | small ovoid bodies transverse foramen bifid spinous process articular processes are diagonal between frotnal/sagittal planes |
| What are the atypical cervical vertebrae? | atlas axis |
| What is different about the altas? | no body no spinous process |
| What is different about the axis? | the dens |
| How are the articular processes between the atlas & axis positioned? | horizontally |
| What are some unique features of the thoracic vertebrae? | • Heart shaped body • Small vertebral foramen • Articulation processes are vertical in frontal plane • Long spinous process point inferiorly • Costal facets (where ribs attach) |
| What feature of the vertebrae allows movement? | Facet joints |
| What are some unique features of the lumbar vertebrae? | • Large oval bodies • Medium sized vertebral foreman • Articular processes are vertical in sagittal plane • Thick spinous processes points posteriorly |
| What is the orientation of the articular facet joints of the cervical spine? | Diagonally between frontal & sagittal planes |
| What type of joint are the articular facet joints? | • Synovial |
| Transverse foramina are found in which vertebral segments? | • Cervical |
| What is the orientation of the facet joints of the thoracic vertebrae? | • Frontal |
| What is the orientation of the facet joints of the lumbar vertebrae? | • Sagittal |
| What determines the motion available in the spine? | • Orientation of the facet joints |
| What is the term for the articulation between the vertebral bodies? | • Intervertebral joints |
| What type of joint is the intervertebral joint? | Fibrocarilaginous joints(not synovial) |
| Which joints of the spine do most of the weight bearing? | Intervertebral joints |
| What are the vertebral bodies separated by? | • Intervertebral disks |
| What is the inner layer of the intervertebral disk called? | • Nucleus pulposus |
| What is the outer layer of the intervertebral disk called? | • Annulus fibrosus |
| 99% of disk protrusions are in what direction? | • Posterior |
| Which area of the spine is least likely to have a protruding disk? | • Thoracic |
| What problems can occur with disk protusion? | • Sensory--dermatome • Motor--myotome |
| What is the atlanto-axial joint? | The articulation between C1 & C2 * Dens of axis w/ anterior arch of atlas & transverse lig. |
| What motions happen at the atlanto-axial joint? | Rotation on transverse plane |
| What type of joint is the altanto-occipital joint? | • Condyloid joint |
| Where is the articulation of atlanto-occipital joint? | between occipital condyles & superior facets of atlas |
| What motions happen at the atlanto-occipital joint? | • Flexion • Extension • Hyperextension |
| What type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint? | • Pivot joint |
| Flexion and extension spinal motions occur mostly in what areas of the spine? | Cervical & Lumbar |
| Where is spinal flexion and extension most limited? | • Thoracic spine |
| Why is the thoracic spine limited in flexion and extension? | • Long spinous processes • Orientation of the articular facets • Rib connection |
| Side bending occurs in which areas of the spine? | • Cervical & thoracic |
| Which area of the spine is most limited in side bending? | • Lumbar |
| Spinal rotation occurs in which areas of the spine? | • Cervical & thoracic |
| Which area of the spine is most limited in rotation? | • Lumbar |
| What is the main motion allowed between C1 and C2? | •Rotation |
| What is the main motion allowed between occiput and C1? | • Flexion/extension |
| When bending forward to touch toes with legs extended, where is most of the motion happening? | • Lumbar spine & hips |
| What motion does the anterior longitudinal ligament limit? | • Hyperextension |
| What ligaments limit flexion? | • Posterior longitudinal lig. • Supraspinal lig. • Interspinal lig. • Ligamentum flavum |
| What ligament limits hyperextension? | • Anterior longitudinal lig. |
| What are the primary curves of the spine? | • Thoracic • Sacral |
| What are the secondary curves of the spine? | • Cervical • Lumbar |
| How do the secondary curves of the spine form? | •Through motor development *Cervical = lift head *Lumber = stand/walk |
| On what plane does scoliosis occur? | • Frontal |
| What are some visual clues that someone has scoliosis? | •Convex side * Rib projections * High shoulder •Concave side Scapular winging o Hip hiking |
| What are the causes of scoliosis? | • Idiopathic (don’t know) • Muscle imbalance • Positioning (wt. on 1 leg) • Congenital |
| Which is the most common cause of scoliosis? | • Idiopathic (don’t know) |
| What are the types of scoliosis? | • Structural • Functional |
| Which type of scoliosis cannot be corrected? | • Structural |
| When is functional scoliosis present? | • In weight-bearing positions |
| What are the treatments for scoliosis? | • Exercise • Electrical stimulation • Bracing • Surgery - insert rods |
| In a scoliotic of the spine, the structures on the convex side of the curve will be? | • Stretched |
| What muscles flex the cervical spine? | • Stenocleidomastiod • Scalenes |
| What muscles extend the cervical spine? | • Erector spinae • Splenius capitus • Splenius cervicis |
| Sternocleidomastoid OIAN | • O: Sternum & clavical • I: mastoid process • A: Bilateral: flexes neck, • A: unilateral: rotates head to opposite side *laterally bends |
| Is scoliosis more common in girls or boys? | • Girls |
| When is scoliosis most like to occur? | • During growth spurts |
| Which type of scoliosis is present regardless of position? | • Structural |
| What is the action of erector spinae group? | • Bilateral: extend • Unilateral: lateral bend (ipsilateral) |
| What is the action of the scalene muscles? | • Bilateral: assist neck flexion • Unilateral: neck lateral bending |
| Are the scalenes superficial or deep to the Sternocleidomastiod? | • Deep |
| What are the muscles in the erector spinae group? | • Spinalis • Longissimus • Iliocostalis |
| What does the erector spinae muscle do for the head? | • Controls gravitational pull of head |
| What is the action of the splenius capitus? | • Bilateral: extension of head • Unilateral: rotate & laterally bend head to same side (ipsilateral) |
| Splenius Capitus: Action | *Bilateral: Extend head *Unilateral: rotate & laterally bend head to same side. |
| Splenius Cervicis: Action | Bilateral: extend head & neck Unilateral: rotate & lateral bend neck to same side. |
| What are the anterior trunk muscles? | *External & Internal Obliques *Rectus Abdominis *Transverse Abdominis |
| External Oblique: Origin | Lower 8 ribs laterally |
| External Oblique: Insertion | Iliac crest and linea alba |
| External Oblique: Action | *Bilateral: Trunk flexion, compression of abdomen. *Unilateral: lateral bending; rotation to opposite side |
| Scalenes: Action | *Bilateral: assists in neck flexion *Unilateral: Neck lateral bending |
| Errector Spinae: Action | *Bilateral: Extend *Unilateral: lateral bend to same side |
| When is functional scoliosis not present? | * When hanging from a bar * When bending forward |
| Rectus Abdominus OIA | O:pubis *I: Costal Cartilage of ribs 5-7 *A: Trunk flexion, abdominal compression. |
| Internal Oblique | O: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoraco-lumbar fascia *I: 10-12th ribs, abdominal aponeurosis *A: Bilateral: trunk flexion, compression Unilateral: lateral bending; rotation to same side |
Created by:
lap292
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