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Science Chapter 5
Physical Science Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| bilayer | two layers |
| plasma membrane | the membrane that surrounds a cell and separates it from the environment |
| fluid mosaic model | a plasma membrane model where proteins float freely through the phospholipid bilayer |
| transport protein | a protein in the plasma membrane that helps move molecules across the membrane |
| extracellular matrix | a sticky coating outside the plasma membrane of animal cells that joins cells together |
| cytoplasm | the area inside a cell; contains organelles and cytosol |
| cytosol | the fluid base of the cytoplasm; contains molecules used and made by the cell |
| passive transport | the movement of molecules across a membrane when the movement requires no energy |
| facilitated diffusion | passive transport that involves membrane proteins |
| active transport | the movement of molecules across a membrane when the movement requires energy |
| endocytosis | a process in which a cell membrane surrounds and encloses a substance to bring the substance into the cell |
| exocytosis | a process in which a substance is released from a cell through a pouch that transports the substance to the cell surface |
| gap junction | connections between cells made for support and communication |
| nuclear envelope | the membrane surrounding the nucleus of a cell |
| pore | a hole in the nuclear envelop used to send and receive messages |
| nucleolus | a ball of fibers in the nucleus that makes ribosomes |
| ribosome | an information organelle that uses the instructions in DNA to make a protein |
| genome | the entire DNA found in a cell |
| chromosome | a structure in the nucleus made of individual DNA molecules folded and coiled together with proteins |
| chloroplast | an energy organelle in plants that harvests energy from the sun |
| mitochondrion | an energy organelle that converts energy from bonds in glucose into ATP (plural is mitochondria) |
| chlorophyll | a molecule in chloroplasts that traps energy from the sunlight |
| photosynthesis | a process that chloroplasts use to convert energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in glucose |
| stroma | a thick fluid inside chloroplasts |
| thylakoid | a membrane sac that contains chlorophyll |
| grana | stacks of thylakoids inside chloroplasts |
| cellular respiration | the process in which cells break down food to release energy |
| matrix | a thick fluid inside mitochondria |
| cristae | the folded layers of the inner membrane inside mitochondria |
| endomembrane system | a group of organelles that help a cell make and use different molecule |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | an organelle that makes different molecules |
| secrete | to make and then give off |
| golgi apparatus | an organelle made of stacked membrane sacs that makes final changes to and packages molecules made in the cell |
| vacuole | a membrane sac that transports and stores molecules |
| lysosome | a membrane sac with special enzymes used to break down large molecules |
| cytoskeleton | a group of fibers running throughout the inside of a cell that supports the cell and helps the cell move |
| microfilament | a long cytoskeleton fiber used to move the cell |
| actin | a ball-shaped protein used to make microfilaments |
| intermediate filament | a rod-like cytoskeleton fiber used to strengthen the cell's shape; organelles anchor themselves to these rods |
| microtubule | a tube-like cytoskeleton fiber used by organelles to move around |
| tubulin | a ball-shaped protein used to make the hollow tube structure of microtubules |
| cilia | small, hair-like structures made of microtubules; found on the outside of some cells to aid in movement |
| flagella | long, tail-like structures made of microtubules; found on the outside of some cells to aid in movement |
| cell wall | the rigid layer of cellulose outside the plasma membrane of plant cells |
| plasmodesmata | openings in the cell wall used for communication and transport of molecules |
| central vacuole | large membrane sac in the center of a plant cell used for water storage |
Created by:
imcnall
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