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Bio Psych Exam 3
Ch. 7: Audition & Other Sensory Systems (Mechanical & Chemical)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What makes a sense mechanical? | The fact that transduction occurs when physical forces are transducted into APs |
| Name the mechanical senses. | Audition, Vestibular, Somatosensation (Proprioception) |
| Is Audition a mechanical or chemical sense? | Mechanical |
| Is the Vestibular system a mechanical or chemical sense? | Mechanical |
| Is Somatosensation a mechanical or chemical sense? | Mechanical |
| What makes a sense chemical? | The fact that transduction occurs when chemicals in the environment are transducted into APs (lock and key analogy) |
| Name the chemical senses. | Gustation (taste) and Olfaction (smell) |
| Is Gustation a mechanical or chemical sense? | Chemical |
| Is Olfaction a mechanical or chemical sense? | Chemical |
| What does amplitude refer to? How is it measured? How does A1 code it? | Amplitude refers to the height of a sound wave and measures loudness; how vigorous or strong the vibrations are. It is measured in terms of decibels. A1 codes amplitude by the number of neurons firing. |
| What does frequency refer to? How is it measured? How does A1 code it? | Frequency refers to pitch, which is determined by the frequency of vibrations. It is measured in cycles/second that are labeled Hz. A1 codes frequency through the place code and rate code. |
| What does complexity refer to? How does A1 code it? | Complexity refers to timbre, which is a unique mixture of frequencies or texture of a sound (ie: two different instruments playing the same note at the same volume still vary in timbre). A1 codes complexity through distributed coding. |
| What parts make up the outer ear? | Pinna-> Ear Canal-> Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) |
| What is the Tympanic Membrane? | The eardrum; vibrates at the same frequency as the sound waves that strike it; passes waves to the bones of the middle ear. |
| What is the proper name for the eardrum? | Tympanic Membrane |
| What parts make up the middle ear? What do they do? | 3 bones called the Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), and Stapes (Stirrup); they transmit the vibrations from the Tympanic Membrane to the Oval Window |
| What parts make up the inner ear? | Oval Window-> Cochlea-> Auditory Nerve |
| Which part of the ear is fluid filled? What are the other parts filled with? | The inner ear is fluid filled; the middle and outer ear and air filled. |
| What is the main function of the outer ear? | To capture the noise |
| What is the main function of the middle ear? | To amplify the noise |
| Where does sensory transduction occur for audition? | In the hair cells, in the Basilar Membrane, in the Cochlea, in the inner ear |
| What is the Basilar Membrane and where is it located? | The Basilar Membrane is what contains the hair cells where sensory transduction occurs for audition; it is located in the cochlea, in the inner ear. |
| What is the Cochlea and where is it located? | The Cochlea is the fluid-filled inner ear structure that contains the Tectorial Membrane & Basilar Membrane (where sensory transduction for audition occurs in the hair cells); it is located in the inner ear |
| What are Cilia (in terms of Audition)? | Cilia are the top parts of the hair cells that rub against the Tectorial Membrane, causing the tilting of the hair cells that results in sensory transduction for audition. Also important for Olfaction. |
| What are Cilia (in terms of Olfaction)? | Chemicals that are breathed in meet up with Cilia and match up (lock and key analogy) |
| What is the Oval Window? | The start of the inner ear; sound waves hit with greater pressure here (as more force is needed to move the fluid that lies beyond the Oval Window) |
| What is the Pinna? | Pinna is the outer ear structure of flesh and cartilage that sticks out rom each side of the head; helps to capture sound |
| Trace the Auditory Pathway. | Cochlea-> Auditory Nerves-> Hindbrain-> Inferior Colliculus (Midbrain)-> Medial Geniculate Nucleus (in Thalamus/Forebrain)-> Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) |
| What is the key for all ways of Auditory Localization? | The fact that we have two ears is key to telling where a sound is coming from. |
| What are the names of the three ways of Auditory Localization? | Interaural Intensity Differences; Interaural Time Differences; Interaural Phase Differences |
| What are Interaural Intensity Differences? | One form of Auditory Localization; louder in one ear than in the other |
| What are Interaural Time Differences? | One form of Auditory Localization; sound gets to one ear just before the other |
| What are Interaural Phase Differences? | One form of Auditory Localization; sound wave is at a different part of its cycle when it hits each ear |
| What do you know about the Primary Auditory Cortex? | A1; located in superior temporal cortex; responds best to pitch/frequency; tonotopic mapping |
| What does Tonotopic refer to? | Organization in A1 is about frequency/pitch; provides a 'tonotopic map' of the sounds (laid out physically in terms of pitch; certain areas respond to lower tones and other areas to higher tones) |
| What does the Auditory Nerve do? | Carries signals from the Cochlea of the inner ear to the brain |
| Describe the Place (Code) Theory. | Pitch perception depends on which part of the inner ear has cells with the greatest activity; different pitches are encoded by hair cells in different parts of the Cochlea (higher pitches at base/ lower pitches at apex); true alongside Rate Theory |
| Describe the Rate (Code) Theory. | AKA Frequency (Code) Theory; pitch perception is represented by the timing or rate of APs; faster it fires, higher pitch; useful for detecting low frequencies only (because of the refractory period) |
| What is a sensory receptor? | Neuron specialized for sensory transduction (located in sensory organs) |
| What is the sensory receptor for Audition? | Hair cells on the Basilar Membrane of the Cochlea in the Inner Ear |
| What are the functions of Chemical Senses? | 1. Identify things that are bad for the body so we don't ingest them 2. Identify things that the body needs for survival so we do ingest them 3. Smell provides information about other animals 4. Smell provides warnings of potential dangers |
| What is Olfaction? | The sense of smell |
| Describe sensory transduction for olfaction. | It is a chemical sense; chemicals meet up with cilia and match up (lock and key analogy); odorant molecules often excite more than one receptor |
| What does it mean that the Olfactory system uses Distributed Coding? | Detecting specific odors is a matter of recognizing patterns of activity across many receptors |
| What is Gustation? | The sense of taste |
| What are the four main types of taste receptors? | Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter |
| What is the fifth taste? | Umami (meaty, brothy, savory, MSG-flavor) |
| Why don't we have more taste buds, like we have many types of olfactory receptors? | Much of taste is tied to olfaction as well, which allows for a complex perception of taste despite lack of receptor types (Taste+Smell=Flavor) |
| Trace the Gustatory Pathway. | Tongue->Nerves->Brain Stem->Thalamus->Primary Gustatory Cortex |
| Are Taste and Smell contralaterally organized? Why? | No. Spatial organization & communication between senses are not important for taste and smell as with other senses (i.e.: seeing something and moving the correct arm, must be coordinated) |
| What does the Across-Fiber Pattern Principle state about meaning in a sensory system? | Depends on pattern across receptors; each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli & a response by an axon means little but in comparison to others; a receptor responds to a range of stimuli & contributes to perception of every stimulus in its system |
| Is Labeled-Line or Across-Fiber Pattern Principle more common for our perception? | Across-Fiber Pattern Principle is more common. |
| What does the Labeled-Line Principle state about meaning in a sensory system? | Concept that each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and has a direct line to the brain; meaning depends entirely on which neurons are active; less common than across-fiber principle |
| What are Papillae? | They lay on the surface of the tongue and hold taste buds filled with taste receptors; involved in gustation (taste) |
| What are Taste Buds? | They contain taste receptors and are located in the papillae on the tongue. |
| What is the sensory receptor for Gustation? | Taste receptors in Taste Buds in Papillae on Tongue |
| Describe Somatotopic Cortical Representations. | Several parallel maps (such as of touch, temperature, or joint position) are represented separately side by side; body parts with the finest discrimination get more space in the cortex |
| Describe Sensory Remapping. | This is what happens when a region loses its afferent input (as happens in cases of amputation); 'cortical plasticity' occurs (meaning that if you amputate the 3rd digit, ie, digits 2 and 4 'take over'); concept of phantom limbs |
| What is Somatosensation? | A sensory network actually made up of many different systems that monitor the surface of the body and its movements (includes proprioception, kinesthesis & cutaneous perception) |
| What is Proprioception? | A sensory system under Somatosensation; perception of limb positions |
| What is Kinesthesis? | A sensory system under Somatosensation; perception of limb movement |
| What sense is the Vestibular System responsible for? | The sense of balance. |
| How does the Vestibular System work? | Involves the use of semicircular canals (structure located in the inner ear), which are filled with a jelly-like fluid; hair cells detect the movement of the fluid; detects changes in head position (called angular acceleration); sensitive to gravity |
| What are Semicircular Canals? | Structure located in the inner ear; part of the vestibular (balance) system; filled with jelly-like fluid; hair cells detect movement of the fluid; detects changes in head position (called angular acceleration); sensitive to gravity |
| Why can you read clearly while moving your head (but not if the text is the part moving)? | Because the Vestibular Nerve is connected to the Optic Nerve, allowing you to maintain your focus while moving your head. |
| What is Cutaneous Perception? | Perception derived from the stimulation of receptors in the skin. |
| What are the 5 types of Cutaneous Receptors in the skin & what does each react to? | Ruffini Corpuscles (Stretching) Merkel's Disks (Pressure) Free Nerve Endings (Pain, Hot, Cold)- Unmyelinated/Slower Meissner's Corpuscle (Slow Vibrations) Pacinian Corpuscle (Fast Vibrations) |
| Describe Cutaneous Transduction for Ruffini Corpuscles. | Carbohydrate chains in the skin are linked to an ion channel; Mechanical force opens the ion channel; Cations enter and the membrane depolarizes |
| What is Adaptation? | Decreased response to a stimulus as a result of recent exposure to it (ie: dilute vinegar tastes less sour than it usually would after soaking your tongue in unsweetened lemon juice) |
Created by:
Kelsey20
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