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Unit 14 terms
Social Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. |
| Norms | An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. |
| Roles | A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |
| Attribution Theory | The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. |
| Attitude | Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. |
| Central Route Persuasion | Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency for observers, when analyzing one another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. |
| Peripheral Route Persuasion | Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. |
| Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon | The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. |
| Conformity | Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. |
| Normative Social Influence | Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. |
| Informational Social Influence | Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality. |
| Social Facilitation | Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. |
| Social Loafing | The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. |
| Deindividuation | The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring on a group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. |
| Group Polarization | The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. |
| Groupthink | The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. |
| Culture | The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
| Personal Space | The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. |
| Prejudice | An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs. |
| Stereotype | A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. |
| Discrimination | Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. |
| In-Group | "Us" -People with whom we share a common identity. |
| Out-group | "Them" - Those perceived as different or apart from our in-group. |
| Ingroup Bias | The tendency to favor our own group. |
| Scapegoat Theory | The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. |
| Other-Race Effect | The tendency to recall faces of one;s own race more accurately than faces of other races. |
| just-world Phenomenon | The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
| Aggression | Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. |
| Frustration Aggression Principle | The principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression. |
| Mere Exposure Effect | The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. |
| Passionate Love | An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. |
| Companionate Love | The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with how our lives are intertwined. |
| Equity | A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. |
| Self-Disclosure | Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. |
| Altruism | Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. |
| Bystander Effect | The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. |
| Social Exchange theory | The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process. The aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. |
| Reciprocity Norm | An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. |
| Social-responsibility norm | An expectation that people will help those dependent on them. |
| Conflict | A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. |
| Social Trap | A situation in which the conflicting parties, by which each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. |
| mirror-image perceptions | Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. |
| Superordinate Goals | Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. |
| GRIT | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiates in Tension-Reduction- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. |
| Door-in-the-face phenomenon | This is a technique used to get compliance from others (to get them to behave in a way you want.) The objective is to get the person to agree to the small request, which is very reasonable because it is compared to such a large, unreasonable request. |
| Ethnocentrism | The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture. |
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APPsychology
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