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Personality Psych
Chapters 7,8,9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristic adaptations make up which level of personality | Level 2 |
| What class are motives and goals | Characteristic adaptations |
| What are the four basic propositions of Freud's theory of motivation? | Determinism, Drive, Conflict, The Unconscious |
| What is the main idea of determinism? | forces over which we have little control determine all human behavior and experience. We are not masters of our fate. |
| What is the main idea of Drive? | The powerful forces within us that drive us to do what we do are sex and aggression |
| What is the main idea of conflict? | the forces that determine our behavior and experience are always in conflict with one another and social constraints which causes us to feel anxiety |
| What is the main idea of the unconscious? | We do not know what those forces that determine our behavior and conflicts that cause anxiety are. We have not control over our lives. |
| What did freud mean by life instincts? | the drive of sexuality and Eros |
| What is mean by death instincts? | aggression |
| How do intensely negative experiences from the past live on, even though they are not remembered consciously? | in the unconscious they can play out in the conscious experience through debilitating symptoms including anxiety and dread |
| What did Schopenhauer and Nietzsche say are antagonistic to conscious reason? | emotional and irrational urges |
| What is the unconscious a repository for? | Ideas, images, urges, feelings that are associated with conflict, pain, fear, guilt and other negative feelings |
| What did Dijksterhuis conclude about the unconscious? | Unconscious thought is often better able than consciousness to process large amounts of information in an efficient and effective manner |
| What is meant by repressor? | person who experience little anxiety on a conscious level and who adopt a highly defensive approach to live |
| Do repressors feel anxiety? | Maybe not consciously, but their body shows higher levels of internal arousal which means their body felt the anxiety at an unconscious level |
| What is memory recall like for repressors? | They can remember memories of when other ppl felt happy, sad, angry, they also experience more overall memories. They have difficulty recalling their own memories that have strong emotions associated with them. |
| What do repressors do to their memories in order to suppress negative feelings? Why? | They simplify negative memories to emphasize a single dominate feelings in order to avoid them from connecting in their minds to other memories containing these feelings, to protect themselves |
| What are extreme coping styles able to lead to? | resilience |
| What is resilience? | the ability to overcome difficult obstacles in life and to thrive amidst adversity |
| What is the best strategy to deal with traumatic events in life? | repression |
| What does repression protect the person from? | debilitating pain and enables them to get through the most difficult periods in life, so time can heal the wound |
| What is the ID? | the unconscious instinctual impulses of sex and aggression |
| What does the Id function by? | the pleasure principle |
| What is the pleasure principle ? | instant gratification that the id demands in order to meet its desires of sexual, and aggressive fulfillment. |
| What is primary process thinking? | the loose, fluid, and irrational kind of thinking that we associate with dreaming |
| What is the function of the ego? | the mediator between the demands of the id and the social and moral constraints of society |
| What are the 7 defense mechanisms of the ego? | repression, projection, reaction formation, rationalization, regression, displacement, sublimation |
| What is repression? | a dangerous impulse is actively and totally excluded from consciousness |
| What is projection? | attributing your own unacceptable impulse or thoughts to someone else |
| What is reaction formation? | the warding off an unacceptable impulse by over emphasizing its opposite in thought and behavior |
| what is rationalization? | devising a reasonable explanation or excuse for an event or behavior that would threaten your self esteem |
| What is regression? | returning to a earlier more primative stage or mode of behavior to avoid, pain or anxiety |
| What is displacement? | shifting an impulse from a threatening to a non-threatening object |
| What is sublimation? | channeling socially unacceptable impulses into acceptable behavior |
| What is a defense mechanism? | an unconscious strategy of the ego that distorts reality in order to lessen anxiety |
| What is the Super Ego? | a internalized representation of the norms and values of society |
| What are the three sources of conflict that the ego must deal with? | Realistic anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety |
| What is realistic anxiety caused by? | objective dangers in the outside world |
| What is neurotic anxiety caused by? | the possibility of an uncontrollable release of instinctual energy from the id |
| What is moral anxiety caused by? | the superego, feelings of guilt over more transgressions or regret from failing to live up to perfect ideals |
| What is denial? | a defense mechanism in which a person refuses to acknowledge an anxiety provoking event |
| What are three examples of defensive mechanisms with varying degrees of maturity? | Denial, projection and identification |
| In the humanistic perspective, what is the supreme motivator? | striving to actualize and perfect the self |
| What is the phenomenal field? | the entire panorama of a person's experience, how they perceive reality |
| According to humanists, what is the main goal in life? | To reach full actualization |
| What is a fully functioning person? | A person who can analyze their own life, and operates according to organismic valuing process |
| What is unconditional positive regard? | Ppl that are loved and accepted by others in a non critical and non contingent manner |
| What are conditions of worth? | a result of conditional positive regard, the things we value because other people praise us for them, or reject us for them |
| According of Maslow, what are we striving to achieve? | self actualization |
| What must we achieve before we reach self actualization? | the four lower levels of hierarchy of needs. Physiological, safety, belongingness and love, and Esteem. |
| What are peak experiences? | wonderful moments of happiness, ecstasy, transcendence |
| Who has the most peak experiences? | Self Actualizers |
| What is B cognition? | How people perceive their world |
| Which type of people are B Cognizant? | Self-Actualized |
| What are some attributes of SA people? | better perception of reality, more self acceptant, spontaneous, more peak experiences, more creative |
| What is intrinsic motivation? | motivation from within |
| What do set rewards do? | in some cases they drive motivation down |
| What is the difference between perception, and apperception? | one is what is right in our view, the other is peripheral vision or leaking into vision |
| What must happen for the cost of a reward to be seen? | The task must be intrinsically motivating, cannot be boring |
| Are all rewards in all situations equal? | No, material rewards that are contingent on performance undermine intrinsic motivation |
| Which type of rewards are most likely to increase intrinsic motivation? | Social reinforcers such as verbal praise and encouragement |
| What is an example of amotivated behavior? | A newpaper reporter with an imminent deadline, that wanders around the office in a daze. She cannot bring herself to do what she wants to because she feels that she cannot possibly complete the project in such a short amount of time. |
| What are the three basic psychological needs that self-determined behavior results from? | Competence, autonomy, relatedness |
| What is competence? | the person's striving to control the outcomes of events and experience a sense of mastery in dealing with the environment |
| What is Autonomy? | the feelings that one is free of external pressures. The feelings of independence |
| What is Relatedness? | the need to care for others, to feel that others are relating to you in a supportive way. |
| What does self-determined behavior lead to? | organismic integration |
| What is essential for organismic integration? | motivation must be intrinsic |
| What does the TAT measure? | Intrinsic Satisfaction |
| What kind of test is the TAT? | projection test |
| What are the guidelines for interpreting the TAT? | 1. Identify the hero 2. Consider the Hero's motives, trends, and feelings 3. Note the forces in the Hero's environment 4.outcomes 5.the press (psychological situations) 6. Interesting and sentiments that appear |
| What does PSE stand for? | Picture Story Exercise |
| What are people like, who score high in achievement motivation? | show high performance in tasks of moderate challenge that provide immediate feedback. Persistent, and efficient, cut corners or cheat in order to maximize productivity, like to travel, successful in business, self control |
| What are ppl high in achievement, most likely to go into for work? | business, entrepreneurship |
| Are societies geared toward high achievement? how was this measured? | Yes, certain ones are. Turkey, Israel, and India. They were measured by reviewing children's readers from the 1920s |
| What do stories told to children have a possible impact on? | Achievement motivation |
| What are attributes of a immature power motivated individual? | Aggressive, exploitative, and prolifigate sexuality |
| What are attributes of a mature power motivated individual? | Volunteer, joins in and contributes to society, problem solves |
| What are people with high power motivation more likely to do? | hold elected offices, leadership positions, influential in small groups, have luxurious things, take large risks, get inro arguments, write letters to newspapers, hold a negative self image, |
| Why were certain presidents considered great? | Because of their power motivation level. High power motivation = greatness |
| What happens to a person who is highly power motivated, but is unable to achieve power? why? | susceptibility to illness, and high BP. They bottle up their frustrations and this taxes their internal equilibrium |
| What happens physically to people with a desire for power, when they are challenged? | increase in saliva, urine production, and norepinephrine, increased BP, and enhanced muscle tone, and increased testosterone |
| What is intimacy motivation? | a recurrent preference for experiences of warm, close and communicative interaction with others |
| What type of people are intimately motivated? | Women, and people pleasers |
| What is intimacy motivation associated with? | communal friendship, and spending time together, and sharing in secrets |
| What do men who are higher in intimacy motivation found to have? | greater marital satisfaction, job satisfaction, and higher income |
| What is the difference between intimacy motive and affiliation motive? | intimacy motive emphasizes the qualities of being in a warm and close relationship, whereas affiliation emphasizes doing or achieve relationships |
| Are people aware of their motives? | People are not consciously aware of their motives |
| What are goals for intimacy and positive contributions associated with? | positive emotions |
| What are goals of avoidance and personal power associated with? | Negative emotions |
| What is Kelly's theory of why people do what they do? | a person is motivated to predict or anticipate what will happen to him or her |
| What are personal constructs? | characteristic ways of construing how some things are alike and different from one another |
| What does it mean saying personal constructs are BI-polar? | Two constructs are similar to each other and different from a third thing |
| What happens to people who use many different kinds of constructs? | They have higher levels of cognitive complexity |
| What draws friends together according to construct similarity? | People want to be validated in their views and be around people who see the world in the same way |
| What are cognitive styles? | people's typically preferred modes of processing information |
| What do field-independent people tend to do with info around them? | they reshape it from the environment according to their plans. THey make it their own |
| What do field independent ppl do with irrelevant information? | They block it out and focus their attention on central tasks |
| What are field independent people better at? | Make accurate judgements under high stimulation, better able to ignore distracting sights and sounds |
| What kind of careers are field independent people drawn to? | Science, mathematics, management, and mechanics |
| What careers are field-dependent ppl more interested in? | humanitarian and social-welfare. |
| Who is more sensitive to social cues? | field dependent, they also make eye contact more they prefer being physically closer to others |
| What are eriksons first four psychosocial stages of development? | Trust, Autonomy, Initiative, Industry |
| What are the last four stages of psychosocial development? | Identity, Intimacy, Generativity, ego integrity |
Created by:
pdonner
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