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AP PSYCH
CH 15 NOTES
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | scientific study of ways in which thoughts, feelings, & behaviors of one individual are influenced by the real, imagined, or inferred behavior/or characterisitcs of other people. Ex: sophie's thoughts are influenced by imagine behaviors |
| Schemata: | when meeting someone for first time, we notice a # of surface characteristics, clothes, gestures, etc. lures me into "remembering" things about someone that we never have seen,Ex: shanna remembers robs appearance/tone of voice |
| More on Schemata | belife from category, allows inferences (good), stereottype(schemata based on characteristics),helps interpretations, creates false memories(bad) |
| Stereotype | special schema based on anyones distinguishable feature |
| Primacy effect | Theory that earlyinfo about someone weighs more heavily than later info in influencing one's impression of that person(1st impression counts for PE)by Susan Fiske & Shelly Taylor |
| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy | the process in which a person's expectations about another elicitis behavior from the 2nd persn, that confirms the expectation.Mcnitt creates prophecy, I live it |
| Attribution theory | addresses the question of how people make judgments about the causes of behavior.Ex: Albert Attributes judgments about causes of behavior in the social scene |
| Attribution theorist: Fritz Heider | has simple explanation for behavior is internal(laziness) or external...traffic jam |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency of people to overemphasize personal causes for other people's behavior & to underemphasize personal causes for their own behavior |
| more on Fundamental Attribution Error | Part of the Actor Observer Effect tendency to explain behavior of others as caused by internal factors & the corresponding tendency to attribute one's own behavior to external factors. |
| Actor observer effect | attribute my own behavior to situational cause, & behavior of others to personal factors |
| Defensive Attribution | tendency to attribute my successes to our own efforts/qualities & our failures to external factors. good=internal cause, bad=external cause |
| for defensive attribution, self serving bias | Tendency to attribute failure to external factors,& personal successes to internal factors |
| Just-World hypothesis: | attribution error based on the assumption that bad things happen to bad people/good things to good people |
| Proximity | how close two people live to eachoter, close=interaction=liking, physical attractiveness;good looking offers advantage |
| similarity | best for long term realationships |
| Exchange | concept that relationships are based on trading rewards among partners(reward theory...we like people who make us feel appreciated |
| Intimacy | quality of genuine closeness & trust achieved in communication w/another person(self disclosure) |
| social cognition | impression formation;notice numerous things(voice,hair, clothes, etc) & place into available category |
| distinctiveness | does this happen to others? low=internal(teacher looks at others this way), high=external(she doesn't look at others this way) |
| Consistency | has this happened to me before?low=external(doesn't look often), high=external(people look at me this way) |
| self-serving bias more | whatever the case, i want to look good, take credit when i do well, make excuses when i do bad |
| intErpersonal Attraction | applies to all relationships |
| attitude: | relatively stable organization of beliefs, feelings, & behavior tendencies directed toward something or someone, the attitude object. Beliefs include facts, opinions, & general knowledge about the object. |
| self monitoring | tendency for an individual to observe the situation for cues about how to react. They then meet those “demands” rather than behave according to their own beliefs or sentiments. After observing the situation for cues as to how to react. |
| high self monitoring ex: | If will doesn’t like politics at dinner w/a guest Will won’t say anything, to be polite & agreeable. |
| low self monitoring | Express & act on their attitudes w/great consistency, showing little regard for situational cues or constraints. |
| low self monitoring ex: | Ex: If low self monitors disagrees w/politics of a fellow dinner guest, LSM will speak openly even if it disrupts the social occasion. |
| Prejudice: | An intolerant, unfavorable, & rigid attitude toward a group of people. |
| prejudice happens: | when people are prejudiced when they assume all members of a certain group share certain negative qualities, when they’re unable to see members of that group as individuals, & when they ignore info that disapproves their beliefs. |
| Prejudice has: | •Has three components: beliefs, feelings, & behavior tendencies • Prejudicial beliefs are negative stereotypes |
| Discrimination: | A behavior; is an ACT or series of ACTS that denies opportunities & social esteem to an entire group of people or individual members of that group. |
| more on discrimination | •To discriminate, is to treat an entire class of people as less than equal |
| Frustration-Aggression theory: | Theory that under certain circumstances people are in their groups, turn their anger away from proper, powerful target toward another, less powerful target is safer to attack. The victims are the scapegoats & are blamed for the problems. |
| Authoritarian Personality | A personality pattern characterized by rigid, favoring the rules & abiding by tradition, & exhibiting hostility to those who defy those norms. •They respect & submit to authority & are preoccupied w/power & toughness |
| Racism: | prejudice & discrimination directed at a certain racial group, can be changed, racists see other ethnic groups as innately inferior. |
| Communication model of persuasion: | Has 4 elements to achieve the goals, the source, the message, the medium of communication, & the characteristics of the audience. |
| Cognitive Dissonance | Perceived inconsistency between two cognitions…Leon Kestinger, |
| more on cognitive dissonance | change attitude to reduce tension by having two incompatible beliefs/cognitions, the larger the reward, the smaller the change in attitude is likely to result, when rewards are large, dissonance is less, attitude change is small if it happens at all. |
| social influence | The process by which others individually or collectively affect one’s perceptions, attitudes, & actions. |
| Culture Assimilator | strategy for perceiving the norms & values of another group. |
| Culture Truisms: | Beliefs that most members of a society accept as self-evidently true. |
| culture | People’s shared ideas, beliefs, values, technologies, & criteria for evaluating what natural events, human actions & life itself means. All goods produced in a society • Tangible(touch): literature, music • Intangible(untouchable): values, & beliefs |
| norm | A shared idea or expectation about how to behave. Found in tradition & strengthened by habit. |
| conformity | Voluntarily yielding to social norms even at expense of one’s own performances, Solomon Asch, he conducted the first systematic study of the subject. |
| Compliance | change of behavior in response to an explicit request from another person or group. |
| --Foot in the door effect(compliance) | Once people have granted a small request, they are more likely to comply w/ a larger one. |
| --Low Ball Procedure: | first step is to induce a person to agree to do something, 2nd step is to raise the cost of compliance. |
| ex of low ball procedure: | • Ex: A car dealer lowers car sale value lower than what competitors have, once the consumer agrees to buy the car, sale shifts changes, as in the trade in value(of old car) is cut, & price of new car is more pricier than at other dealerships |
| door in the face effect: | By saying no to 1st request, I feel guilty, so I will say yes to something else. |
| Ex of door in the face effect: | Ex: A researcher asks Rachel to consel delinquent youths for 2 years..she says no way!,(“The door is slammed in the researchers face”), so researcher makes a smaller request, where she says yes to. |
| Obedience | : It’s compliance w/a demand, change of behavior in response to a command from another person, typically an authority figure. It embodies social influence in its most direct & powerful form. |
| more info on obedience | • Stanley Milgrim • Surveliance, more likely to obey if monitored • Power: more vested power in person giving the order=greater obedience |
| Deindividuation: | A loss of personal sense of responsibility in a group |
| --(deindividuation)snowball effect: | if persuader convinces a few people, they will convince more people, etc. -large groups provide protection, makes it difficult to press charges. People in a group become more destructive & irresponsible than they would be individually |
| Altruism: | helping w/o personal gain |
| Altruistic Behavior: | Helping behavior that isn’t linked to personal gain. Ex: I feed cloeys, cat while she’s gone, bc I’d want her to do the same for me |
| Bystander effect: | The tendency for an individual’s helpfulness in an emergency to decrease as the number of bystanders increases. |
| Group Polarization | Shift in attitudes by members of a group toward more extreme positions than the ones held before group discussion. |
| --(group polarization)Risky shift: | Greater willingness to take risks in decision making in a group than as independent individuals. By James Stoner, ex: a group of stoners are willing to make riskier choices than independent people. |
| group decision making: | only more effective under specific conditions |
| Group effectiveness: | : depends on 3 factors 1.Nature of the task 2.The resources of the group members 3.And the interaction among group members |
| more on group effectiveness: | high status members affect decisions more than low status members |
| social loafing | Tendency of people to exert less effort on a task when working in a group than alone. |
| cohesiveness: | like others & are committed to the goals of the group=harder work -however….Group think=moral takes place judgment |
| Great Person theory: | Theory that leadership is a result of personal qualities & traits that qualify one to lead. … “born leaders” |
| right place at right time theory | self explanatory |
| leadership | Act of leading a group of people or an organization |
| Transactional view | combination of many factors |
| more on transactional view | •Fred Fiedler: different styles of leadership (depends on circumstance) •Task-oriented: do task well even at cost of relationships |
| even more on transactional view | Relationship-oriented: maintain harmony even at expense of task • There is no such thing as an ideal leader for all situations |
| Industrial/Organizational Psychology(IOP): | Area of psych, spotlights the influence on human interaction of large, complex organizational settings, w/specific emphasis on behavior in the workplace. |
| Hawthorne Effect | The principle that people will alter their behavior bc of researchers’ attention & not necessarily bc of any treatment condition. Done by Elton Mayo. |
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BarackObama13
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