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Astronomy exam two

QuestionAnswer
Frequency The number of wavelengths per second
Photon A particle of light.
Nanometer 1x10^-9
Electromagnetic Spectrum from shortest wavelength(highest frequency) to longest(lowest) Gamma, X-ray, Ultraviolet, Visible, Infared, Microwaves, Radio
Visible light range 400nm to 700nm
Humans emit mostly ____ light Infared.
The sun emits mostly _____ light Visible. But produces all spectrum
Atomic number Number of protons an element has
Atomic mass number Number of combined protons and neutrons an element has
Isotope All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons. An isotope is a version of an element with a different amount of protons.
Molecules Atoms combined together
Emisson A source emitting light by itself
Absorption Light hitting something and being absorbed
Transmission Allowing light to pass through it
Reflection Light bounces off it in a direction
Scattering Light bounces off it in random directions
Opaque Light cannot pass through it
Thermal radiation depends on ____ Temperature
Stefan-Boltzmann law Each square meter of a hotter object's surface emits more light at all wavelenghts.
Wein's law Hotter objects emit photons with a higher average energy
Telescope Allows us to see faint objects with greater detail
Light-collecting area How much light the telescope can collect at one time
Angular resolution Smallest angle over which we can tell that two dots are distinct.
Refracting telescope Uses transparent glass to collect and focus light
Reflecting telescope Curved mirrors at bottom reflect to another smaller mirror that reflects light back to your eye.
When you increase the diameter of a telescope the light collecting area is increased by ______ The difference in diameter squared.
Why reflector not refractor? Reflector catches more wavelengths because glass doesnt absorb them. Glass is easier to have small flaws that effect things than mirrors. Refracting telescopes are really top heavy and sag.
How does earth's atmosphere effect telescope viewing? Light pollution. The turbulence of air in the atmosphere causes twinkling of stars and blur.
Continuous spectrum broad range of wavelengths without interruption
Emission line spectrum Cloud of gas emits light only at specific wavelenghths. Emission lines against a black backdrop
Absorption line spectrum cloud of gas lies between viewer and light source. Light is absorbed only at specific spectrums. Full spectrum with black lines.
Eight planets in order from the sun Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
Largest terrestrial and largest jovian planet Earth, Jupiter
Strange exceptions to rules in our SS Our moon is too big. Uranus is tipped o nits side. Venus rotates retrograde
Rocky Asteroids found in mostly _____ Asteroid belt
Icy Comets found in mostly _____ Kuiper belt beyond neptune. Oort cloud, well beyond and above that in sphere.
Why did Pluto get the boot? It hasn't cleared its orbital neighborhood
Definition of planet and examples of 2 dwarf planets Orbits sun, has round shape, clears orbital neighborhood. Pluto, Ceres
Solar nebula Cloud of gas that collapsed under its own gravity
Frost line Hydrogen compounds could condense into ices only beyond the frost line
Planitesimals Pieces of planets. Boulders of planetary material
Accreiton Small seeds of material grew into planets
Radiometric dating The most reliable method fro measuring the age of a rock. Measurement of the various atoms and isotopes in a rock.
Formation and collapse of the solar nebula 1. Possible super nova from another star impacted cloud of gas and started collapse. 2. Cloud heated as it collapsed. 3. Cloud spun faster as it collapsed. 4. Collisions cause flattening
Why solar nebula heated up Energy conservation
Why solar nebula spun faster Conservation of angular momentum
Why solar nebula flattened Clumps of gas cmerge and get average velocity of clumps that formed it. Same happens with eccentricity.
Why are there orderly motions in solar system Everything started spinning in same direction and due to laws, this didn't change when individual objects were seperated
Materials in solar nebula from most abundant to least Hydrogen and helium gas, Hydrogen compounds, rock, metal.
Condensation of materials in solar nebula from hottest to coolest Metal, Rock, Hydrogen compounds. Hydrogen and helium doesnt condense.
Why are terrestrial planets smaller and composed of mostly rock and metal? Rock and metal made up such a small amount of material in solar system so they are small.
Why jovian planitesimals were larger than terrestrial planitesimals Ices condensed for jovian planets so there was more material
Why jovian planets have hydrogen and helium atmospheres Gravity was strong enough with the added ice to capture those elements. Strong solar wind cleared away remaining gas in solar system when star was young.
Origin of asteroids and comets Leftovers from planet formation.
Many exceptions in our solar system are due to _____ Captures and giant impacts
Age of solar system 4.5 billion years
Astrometry Study of movements of stars and celestial bodies
Astrometric technique Measuring the tug on a star that its planets have to determine the planets that the star has. Takes decades though for planets with longer orbital periods.
Doppler technique Looks and change in doppler shifts to determine the tug that the planets have on the star
Doppler technique can help us understand what about the planet Orbital period, mass, temperature.
Transit vs. eclipse Transit: planet passes in front of star. Eclipse. Planet passes behind star.
Hot jupiter Very close to star gas giants
Modifications we have had to make to nebular theory because of exoplanets None. Gravitational waves can cause young planets to slowly gravitate toward the star. Close encounters with other planets also might have flung the hot jupiters into the close orbit.
Created by: mustafa2812
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