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Nichole's Questions
Questions From the Back of Chapters
| The superior portion of the sternum | manubrium |
| respiratory zone of the lungs | primary lobule |
| pharyngotympanic (auditory/eustacian) tubes are found where? | nasopharynx |
| What kind of cell is found in the alveoli? | simple squamous epithelium |
| The left main stem bronchus angles off from the carina at what angle? | 40-60 degrees |
| pharyngeal tonsils are also called what? | adenoids |
| What are the small openings in the walls of the interalveolar space? | pores of Kohn |
| What is released when the parasympathetic nerve is stimulated? | acetylcholine |
| Calsalva's Maneuver | massive adduction of the laryngeal walls; larynx and glottis is tightly sealed |
| What prevents the aspiration of foods and liquids? | Epiglottis |
| The first line of defense for the tracheobronchial tree is the ________. | Vibrissae. The hair in nose that prevents large particles from entering the nasal cavity. |
| What cranial nerve supplies motor innervation to the laryngopharngeal musculature? | Tenth cranial nerve |
| In a normal adult cilia beat approximately ___ time per minute. | 1500 |
| Where the canals of Lambert are found. | Terminal bronchioles. |
| Which of the following are call the resistance vessels? | arterioles |
| The right main stem bronchus branches off the trachea at what angle? | 25 degree angle (it is also wider and about 5cm shorter than the left bronchus) |
| The left lung contains how many bronchopulmonary segments? | 8 |
| Bronchial arteries nourish the tracheobronchial tree down to and including the ___________. | Terminal bronchioles |
| The lower lobe of the right lungs contains how many segments? | 5 segments in the lower, 3 segments in the upper, and 2 segments in the middle lobe |
| Nerves that supply motor innervation of each hemidiaphragm | phrenic nerve and the lower thoracic nerves |
| The inferior portion of the larynx is composed of _____? | cricoid cartilage |
| What structures are known as capacitance vessels? | Veins, because they are capable of collecting a large amount of blood with very little pressure change |
| parasympathetic blocking agent | atropine; parasympathetic blocking agent; the sympathetic system becomes dominant and bronchial relaxation occurs |
| What forms the nasal septum? | Ethmoid bone and the vomer |
| Of the bronchi and bronchioles which has the largest combined cross section? | Terminal bronchioles , the cross sections get progressively larger the farther down the trachoebronchial tree |
| What is the outermost layer of the pulmonary veins | tunica adventica |
| What muscles are accessory muscles of inspiration? | Trapezius muscles, Scalene muscles, External intercostal muscles, Sternocleidomastoid muscles, Pectoralis major muscles |
| Causes constriction of bronchial smooth muscle | acetylcholine |
| lung segment call the superior lingula | left lung, lower division of upper lobe |
| increased contact area between inspired air and the nasal mucosa | turbinates or conchae |
| The primary lobule is also called ________. | acinus |
| What muscles are accessory muscles of expiration? | Rectus abdominis, External abdominis obliques, Internal abdominis obliques, Transversus abdominis, Internal intercostals |
| Released when the sympathetic nerve fibers are stimulated | norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| cartilage is found where on the tracheobronchial tree | in all the bronchi and trachea |
| secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth | lingual frenulum |
| cell type that lines anterior one third of the nasal cavity | stratified squamous epithilum |
| pleural cavity | potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae |
| The horizontal fissure separates __________? | The upper and middle lobes of the right lung. |
| pneumothorax | air between parietal and visceral pleurae that causes the lung to collapse |
| muscle that elevates the soft palate | Levator veli palatine muscle |
| 95% of alveolar surface is composed of what kind of cells? | Type 1 cells / squamous pneumocytes |
| What structures are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells? | Trachea and the nasopharynx and down to and including the terminal bronchioles |
| The average lung compliance of the lungs and the chest wall combined is _________ ? | 0.1 L/cm H2O |
| Normally the airway resistance in the tracheobronchial tree is about __________? | 0.5 - 1.5 cm H20/L/sec |
| In a normal individual in the upright position | -the neg. pleural pressure is greater(more neg) in the upper lung regions -ventilation is more effective in the lower lung regions -the pleural pressure is always below atmospheric pressure during normal ventilatory cycle |
| When lung compliance decreases, the patient commonly has __________. | An increase ventilatory rate and a decreased tidal volume |
| When arranged for flow poiseuille's law states that flow is _________. | directly proportional to P Inversely proportional to viscosity of the gas |
| During a normal exhalation the ____________. | Intra-alveolar pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure and the pleural pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure. |
| At rest, the normal pleural pressure change during quiet breathing is about _________. | 2-4mm Hg |
| Normally, an individual's tidal volume is about_____. | 3-4 mL/lb |
| A rapid and shallow ventilatory pattern is called ___________. | Tachypnea |
| Assuming the pressure remains constant, if the radius of the bronchial airway through which gas flows at a rate of 400L/min is reduced to one-half of its original size, the flow through the bronchial airway would change to _____. | 25 L/min |
| The difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure is called the ________. | transpulmonary pressure |
| According to Laplace's law, if a bubble with the radius of 4cm and a distending pressure of 10 cm H2O is reduced to a radius of 2cm, the distending pressure of the bubble will be _____. | 20 cm H20 |
| If alveolar unit A has one-half the compliance of alveolar unit B, then the __________. | volume in unit B is two times greater than volume in unit A and the time constant of unit B is twice as long as that of unit A. |
| If a patient produces a flow rate of 5L/sec during a forced exhalation by generating a transrespiratory pressure of 20 cm/H2O, what is the patient's Raw? | Raw = change in pressure/flow rate 4 cm H20/L/sec |
| As Raw increases, the patient commonly manifests __________. | A decreased ventilatory rate and an increased tidal tidal volume |
| If the radius of a bronchial airway, which has the driving pressure of 2 mm Hg, is reduced by 16% of its original size, what will the new driving pressure required to maintain the same gas flow through the bronchial airways? | 4 mm Hg |
| In a health lung, when the alveolus decreases in size during a normal exhalation, the | surface tension decreases surfactant to alveolar surface area increases |
| At end-expiration, Pta is _____. | 0 mm Hg |
| Because the patient's ribs were broken on the right side, his right chest _________ during each inspiration. | caved inward |
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nnilles
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