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BioPsych Exam #2 Pt2
Research Methods & Vision
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structural vs. Functional? | One of 4 key concepts in research methods; "what's being measured" |
| Correlational vs Causal methods? | Just because a region is active during a behavior does not mean it causes the behavior (correlational); causal evidence only comes from studies where you manipulate NS activity |
| What is Spatial Resolution? | Precision of a measurement with respect to space; you can tell “where” |
| What is Temporal Resolution? | Precision of a measurement with respect to time; you can tell “when” |
| What is TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)? | Application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp, temporarily inactivating neurons below the magnet (video shown in class- ie: inactivation of a brain region caused motor impairment) |
| MRI: Structural/Functional (Dir/Ind)? Causal Correlational? Temporal Resolution? Spatial Resolution? | Structural; Correlational; Poor temporal resolution; Great spatial resolution |
| Single-Unit Recording: Structural/Functional (Dir/Ind)? Causal Correlational? Temporal Resolution? Spatial Resolution? | Functional- Direct; Correlational; Good temporal resolution; Great spatial resolution |
| EEG: Structural/Functional (Dir/Ind)? Causal Correlational? Temporal Resolution? Spatial Resolution? | Functional- Direct; Correlational; Good temporal resolution; Poor spatial resolution |
| TMS: Structural/Functional (Dir/Ind)? Causal Correlational? Temporal Resolution? Spatial Resolution? | Functional- Direct; Causal; Good temporal resolution; Poor spatial resolution |
| fMRI: Structural/Functional (Dir/Ind)? Causal Correlational? Temporal Resolution? Spatial Resolution? | Functional- Indirect; Correlational; Poor temporal resolution; Good spatial resolution |
| What is Visual Agnosia? | Deficits in perception in the absense of blindness |
| What are the types of bipolar cells? | Amacrine and Horizontal |
| What do Amacrine and Horizontal refer to? | Bipolar cells |
| Amplitude of Light? | Intensity (up/down); effects brightness |
| What is a bipolar cell? | Type of neuron in the retina that receives input directly from photoreceptors |
| What is the blind spot? | Spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye (axons not translucent); devoid of receptors |
| What is blindsight? | The ability to respond in limited ways to visual information without perceiving in consciously (seen in certain patients with damage to V1) |
| What is a blob? | Part of hypercolumns in V1; color processing |
| What is a center-surround cell and where are they found? | Found in retina & thalamus; excitatory-center & inhibitory-surround (“on-center”) or inhibitory-center & excitatory-surround (“off-center”) |
| What is color blindness? | AKA color vision deficiency; inability to perceive color differences |
| What is color constancy? | The ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting |
| What is a complex cell? | One of three types of cells in V1; respond best to moving bars with a preferred orientation (sometimes direction) |
| What is a cone? | Type of photoreceptor; abundant in/near fovea; color, high acuity, high resolution; better in daylight than dim light |
| What is convergence? | Type of neural circuitry in which many neurons form synapse with a single neuron (with and without inhibition) |
| What is the cornea? | Transparent part of eye that covers iris/pupil |
| What is cortical blindness? | No conscious visual percept or visual imagery despite no problems with eyes |
| What is cortical magnification? | Cortex over represents small portion of visual field in fovea |
| What is the Dorsal Stream? | Visual path in the parietal cortex that helps the motor system locate objects; the “where” path; after leaving V1 |
| What is the Ventral Stream? | visual path in the temporal cortex that are specialized for identifying and recognizing objects; the “what” path; after leaving V1 |
| What is another name for Electrical measures? | Direct measures of activity |
| What is another name for Metabolic measures? | Indirect measures of activity |
| What is the fovea? | Tiny area of the retina specialized for acute, detailed vision; vision is best here |
| What is a hypercomplex cell? | One of three types of cells in V1; respond best to moving bars with a preferred orientation and length |
| What is a Hypercolumn? | Composed of ocular dominance columns, orientation colum, blobs; acts as a single functional unit; V1 composed of 2,500 hypercolumns |
| What is the Iris? | Colored part of eye; responsible for dilating pupil |
| What is lamellae? | Disc-shaped object that is found in rods and cones; filled with a photo pigment called Rhodopsin |
| What is the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus? | LGN; part of the thalamus; sends visual info to V1 via two pathways (magnocellular/M and parvocellular/P) |
| What is a Magnocellular Pathway? | ‘M’ pathway from LGN to V1; large cells; fast, transient activation, large receptive fields (low spatial acuity); motion perception; more like rods |
| What is an Ocular Dominance Column? | Part of hypercolumn; input from one eye dominates certain parts over the other |
| What is an Orientation Column? | Part of hypercolumn; cares about angle of line |
| Define Opponent Process Theory. | The idea that we perceive color in terms of opposites; in retinal ganglion cells; red/green, yellow/blue |
| What is Opsin? | Broken down half of Rhodopsin (less important than other half: retinal) |
| What is the Optic Chiasm? | The area where axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain |
| What is the Optic Nerve? | Ganglion cell axons that exit through the back of the eye (at blind spot) and continue to the brain |
| What is a Parvocellular Pathway? | ‘P’ pathway from LGN to V1; small cells; slow, sustained activation; small receptive fields (high spatial acuity); color perception; more like cones |
| What are Photoreceptors? | Sensory receptor in eye; rods and cones; where sensory transduction occurs; inhibits bipolar cells in normal state |
| What is Phrenology? Who is associated with it? What was correct about it? | Franz Joseph Gall; external contours of the skull inform us about personality traits and skills (incorrect); he was right in two ways (brain is basis of personality; brain structures specialize in function) |
| What is the Primary Visual Cortex? | V1; in occipital lobe; responsible for the first state of visual processing; organized in hypercolumns; contains simple, comples, and hypercomplex cells |
| What is V1? | The Primary Visual Cortex |
| What is Prosopagnosia? | The inability to recognize faces due to lesions/damage in brain |
| What is the pupil? | Opening in the center of the iris where light enters |
| What is a Receptive Field? | That portion of the environment in which a stimulus can influence the firing rate of a given cell (what it listens to; both excitatory and inhibitory) |
| What is the Retina? | Rear surface of the eye; lined with photoreceptors |
| What is Retinal? | Broken down half of Rhodopsin (key player that brings about change in sensory transduction) |
| What is Rhodopsin? | Molecule that fills lamellae in rods and cones; is broken down into Opsin and Retinal once light hits during sensory transduction |
| What are Rods? | Type of photoreceptor; more at periphery; detects brightness of light; B/W vision |
| What is the Sclera? | The white part of the eye |
| What is a sensory organ? What is the sensory organ for vision? | Eye is sensory organ for vision; part of the NS responsible to sensory information |
| What is a sensory receptor? What are the sensory receptors for vision? | Neuron specialized for sensory transduction (located in sensory organs); Photoreceptors (rods and cones) are sensory receptor for eye |
| What is Sensory Transduction? | Process by which information/energy in the environment is converted to information/energy in the NS (ie: into an AP) |
| What is the process of Sensory Transduction for vision? | 1. Light hits Rhodopsin molecule 2. Rhodopsin splits into Opsin and Retinal 3. Retinal sets off a chain reaction, closes ion channel 4. Photoreceptor stops firing (stops inhibiting) |
| What are Simple Cells? | One of three types of cells in V1; respond best to bars (lines) with a preferred orientation |
| What is Synesthesia? | Experience some people have in which stimulation of one sense evokes a perception of that sense along with another one; could be caused by misrouting in thalamus |
| What is V4? | Pathway after leaving V1 via "what" pathway; color |
| What is IT? | Inferior Temporal Cortex (ventral part of temporal lobe); neurons arranged in columns; neighboring neurons respond to slightly different views of objects; “shape columns” |
| What is MT? | Pathway after leaving V1 via "where" pathway; direction |
| What is the Visual Field? | Area of the world that an individual can see at any given time |
| Wavelengths of light? | Determines hue/color (rainbow spectrum); lengthwise |
| "What" pathway? | Pathway after leaving V1; cares about identity of object |
| "Where" pathway? | Pathwayafter leaving V1; movement/placement |
| What are Receptive Field properties of Ganglion in Retina? | Center-surround RF; respond best to spots |
| What are Receptive Field properties of Lateral Geniculate cells in the Thalamus? | Center-surround RF; respond best to spots |
| What are Receptive Field properties of Simple cells in the Cortex? | Excitatory/Inhibitory side-by-side; best response to BAR of light with a preferred orientation |
| What are Receptive Field properties of Complex cells in the Cortex? | Best response to MOVING bar of particular orientation; movement in certain direction |
| What are Receptive Field properties of Hypercomplex cells in the Cortex? | Responds to corners, angles, bars of light moving in particular direction; bar must be of particular LENGTH |
| What does Modularity mean? | Different regions of cortex process different aspects of the visual image! |
| Why does the size of the Receptive Field grow the further along you get? | Convergence |
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Kelsey20
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