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Psychology 101 FINAL
PSYCH 101 FINAL!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ****Decay theory of forgetting | based on the commonsense assumption that memory, like all biological processes, decrades with time |
| ****Interference theory of forgetting | forgetting is caused by one memory completing with or trying to replace, another memory |
| ****Retrieval failure theory of forgetting | if you "blanked out" during exam and remembred "forgotten" info later |
| ****Motivated theory of forgetting | we forget for a reason |
| ****Define and give an example of proactive interference | old info interferes w/remembering new info, old info may interfere w/your ability to learn and remember your new college course in French |
| ****Define and give an example of retroactive interference | new info interferes w/remembering old info; learning new # causes forgetting of old |
| ***How can you extend the CAPACITY of STM | use chunking-grouping separate pieces of info into a single unit |
| *****How can you extend the DURATION of STM | if you consciously and continuously repeat the info over and over again (maintenance rehearsal) |
| ****What is long-term memory | third stage of memory that stores info for long periods of time |
| ****Give an example of hierarchies from the book. In which stage of memory are they used | use of diagrams, tables and visual summaries will help to study for exam; long term memory |
| ****What is sensory memory | first memory stage that holds sensory info |
| ****What is experiment | carefully controlled scientific procedure that involves manipulation of variables to determine cause and effect |
| *****Give an example for encoding specificity principle | you do better on a test when you take it in the same seat and classroom where you originally studied the material |
| ****Elaborative rehearsal strategies | expanding the info, actively exploring and questioning new info, trying to find meaningfullness |
| ****What is shallow level of process and example | we are only aware of basic incoming sensory info; you obtain a copy of names of students and just repeat them over and over |
| ****What is deep level of process and example | adding meaning, developing organizations and associations or relating it to things we already know; if you thought about each name and grouped all the names accordin to the 1st initial |
| ****Give an example of chunking from the book | expert chess players group the chess pieces into patterns that can be easily recalled |
| ****Placebo | Inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control technique, usually in drug research, or given by a medical pracitioner to a patient |
| ****Correlational Research | a type of research which studies two or more variables to find a relationship bw them |
| ****Double-Blind study | neither the participant nor the experimenter knows to which group the participant has been assigned |
| ****Experimental Group | the group that receives the independent variable |
| *****Control Group | group that is treated identically to the experimental group, but doesnt receive the independent variable |
| *****Independent Variable | the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter |
| *****Dependent Variable | the observed variable measured by the experimenter |
| ****Chunking | grouping separate pieces of info into a single unit |
| ***Elaborative Rehearsal | necessary for storage in long-term memory in which info is actively reviewed and related to old info |
| ****Maintenance Rehearsal | Repeating info to maintain it in short-term memory |
| ****Encoding specificity hypothesis | memory is better when the conditions of recall are similar to conditions when info was learned |
| ****Positive correlation | 2 variables move into the same direction-increase or decrease together |
| *****Negative Correlation | Two variables move in opposite directions as one factor increases, the other one decreases |
| ****Hierarchies | assists long-term memory by organizing info into general categories that are further divided and subdivided |
| ****Serial Position Effect | Remembering material at the beginning and end of a list better than the material in the middle |
| define psychology | scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| 4 goals of psychology | description, explanation, prediction, change |
| examples of 4 goals of psychology | p 6 |
| 6 steps in scientific method | ID questions of interest and review the literature; develop a testable hypothesis; select a research method; analyze data, publish, replenish view, build a theory |
| what is hypothesis | specific prediction about how one variable relates to another |
| example of hypothesis | p 16 |
| see table 1.2 ch 1 | (blank) |
| see figure 1.6 p 24 | (blank) |
| experimenter bias | occurs when researcher influences research results in the expected direction |
| participant bias | occurs when experimental conditions influence the participants behavior or mental processes |
| how do placebo and double blind address the problems of experimenter and participant bias | (blank) |
| sample bias | occurs when research participants are not representative of the lager population EX? |
| sample | a group of research participants selected to represent a population EX? |
| random assignment | using chance methods to assign participants to experimental or control conditions, thus minimizing the possibility of biases or preexisting diferenes in the groups |
| define random/representative sampling | p 28 |
| what is population, EX? | (blank) |
| case study | in depth study of a single research participant EX? |
| naturalistic observation | observation and recording of behavior in the participants natural state or habitat EX? |
| survey | research technique that questions a large sample of people to assess their behaviors and attitudes EX? |
| informed consent | participants aggreement to take a part in a study after being told what to expect |
| debriefing | informng participants after research about the purpose of the study, the nature of the anticipated results and any deceptions used |
| when is deception used | (blank) |
| what does debriefing mean | (blank) |
| major emphasis of psychoanalytic perspective | unconscious conflict |
| what types of statements are permitted by experimental methods | experimental methodology-"one variable causes, affects or influences the other" |
| what types of statments are permitted descriptive/correlational methods | "there is a relationship (non-causal) bw 2 variables. Cant say variable causes, affects or influences other variable; - can predict |
| defining characteristic of descriptive/correlational methodology | simply observe variables |
| defining characteristic of experimental methodoly | manipulate variables |
| major emphasis of the neuroscience/biopsychology perspective | genetic and biological processes in the brain and nervous system |
| major emphasis of the cognitive perspective | thoughts, perception, and info processing |
| major emphasis of the humanistic perspective | human nature is naturally positive and growth seeking |
| major emphasis of behavioral perspective | objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior |
| 3 stage model | p 252 |
| *What is the key to accurate storage and retrieval in LT memory | (blank) |
| explicit/declarative memory, EX | (blank) |
| semantic/episodic memory, EX | (blank) |
| implicit/nondeclarative/procedural memory, EX | (blank) |
| retrieval cue EX | (blank) |
| recognition EX | (blank) |
| recall EX | (blank) |
| relearning EX | (blank) |
| describe ebbinghaus' experiment and results | (blank) |
| contrast mass | (blank) |
| distributed practice | (blank) |
| what is the same as cramming | (blank) |
| what is long-term potentiation | (blank) |
| what are 2 ways long-term potentiation can happen | (blank) |
| do hormones affect memory, WHY | (blank) |
| amnesia | (blank) |
| causes of amnesia | (blank) |
| know the procedure of the "barn" and staged crime" eyewitness studies | (blank) |
| how do judges handle eyewitness testimony | (blank) |
| what is confidence of eyewitness research subjects even when inaccurate | (blank) |
| know specific tips on p 277-278 except memonic devices | (blank) |
Created by:
kseniya
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