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BioPsych Exam #2
Neuroanatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Axial is another term for __________? | Horizontal |
| Horizontal is another term for___________? | Axial |
| Axial/Horizontal view is...? | View of the brian from above |
| Sagittal view is...? | View of the brain from the side |
| Frontal is another term for _________? | Coronal |
| Coronal is another term for __________? | Frontal |
| Frontal/Coronal view is...? | View of the brain from the front |
| Rostral is another term for __________? | Anterior |
| Anterior is another term for __________? | Rostral |
| Rostral/Anterior is...? | Toward the top (human body) or head (4-legged animal); face-side for humans (brain/head); because neuraxis bends in humans |
| Caudal is another term for _________? | Posterior |
| Posterior is another term for ___________? | Caudal |
| Caudal/Posterior is...? | Toward the tail end (4-legged animal) or bottom (human body); back of head for humans; because neuraxis bends in humans |
| Dorsal is another term for ____________? | Superior |
| Superior is another term for ____________? | Dorsal |
| Dorsal/Superior is...? | On the backside (for body) or top (brain/head); because neuraxis bends in humans |
| Ventral is another term for ________? | Inferior |
| Inferior is another term for ________? | Ventral |
| Ventral/Inferior is...? | On the belly-side (for body) or bottom (brain/head); because neuraxis bends in humans |
| Medial is...? | Close in |
| Lateral is...? | Out/Away |
| The opposite of medial is...? | Lateral |
| The opposite of lateral is...? | Medial |
| The opposite of rostral/anterior is...? | Caudal/Posterior |
| The opposite of caudal/posterior is...? | Rostral/Anterior |
| The opposite of dorsal/superior is...? | Ventral/Inferior |
| The opposite of ventral/inferior is...? | Dorsal/Superior |
| Contralateral is...? | Goes to the other side; right eye is contralateral to left hemisphere |
| Ipsilateral is...? | Goes to the same side; left eye is ipsilateral to left hemisphere |
| What are the two divisions of the Nervous System? | Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System |
| What makes up the Central Nervous System? | Brain and Spinal Cord |
| What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System? | Autonomic and Somatic |
| What does the Autonomic Nervous System interact with? | Internal environment |
| What does the Somatic Nervous System interact with? | External environment |
| What does the Peripheral Nervous System connect? | Connects brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body |
| Somatic Nervous System does _______ through what kinds of pathways? | Brings in sensory information (through afferent); Controls movement (through efferent) |
| Autonomic Nervous System does ________ through what kinds of pathways? | Brings in internal sensory input (through afferent); Motor control of internal organs (through efferent) |
| Where are the Parasympathetic NS and Sympathetic NS found in terms of divisions of the Nervous System? | NS-> PNS-> Autonomic NS-> Efferent Nerves |
| What are the two divisions of efferent nerves in the Autonomic Nervous System? | Parasympathetic NS and Sympathetic NS |
| Describe the Sympathetic NS | "Fight or Flight"; most input comes from nerves from lumbar and thoratic region (middle); 2 stage path (first ACh/acetylcholine and then NE/norepinephrine); ganglia are linked (output highly coordinated) |
| Describe the Parasympathetic NS | "Rest and Digest"; most input comes from nerves from cranial (top) and sacral (bottom) region; 2 stage path (first ACh/acetylcholine and then ACh/acetycholine again); ganglia function more independently than in Sympathetic NS |
| Nickname for Sympathetic NS is...? | "Fight or Flight" |
| Nickname for Parasympathetic NS is...? | "Rest and Digest" |
| Where does most input for the Sympathetic NS come from? | Nerves from the lumbar and thoratic regions (middle) |
| Where does most input for the Parasympathetic NS come from? | Nerves from the cranial (top) and sacral (bottom) regions |
| What is the path for Sympathetic NS? | 2 stages; First, ACh (acetylcholine), followed by NE (norepinephrine) |
| What is the path for Parasympathetic NS? | 2 stages; First, ACh (acetylcholine), followed by more ACh (acetylcholine) |
| Describe the ganglia in the Sympathetic NS. | Ganglia are linked; output is highly coordinated |
| Describe the ganglia in the Parasympathetic NS. | Ganglia function more independently than in the Sympathetic NS |
| How do the Sympathetic NS and Parasympathetic NS work together? | They work in opposition of each other; the balance determines our current state |
| Collections of cell bodies in the CNS are called ______? | Nucleus (nuclei) |
| Collections of axons in the CNS are called _________? | Tract(s) |
| Collections of cell bodies in the PNS are called ________? | Ganglion (ganglia) |
| Collections of axons in the PNS are called ________? | Nerve(s) |
| What are nuclei? | Collections of cell bodies in the CNS |
| What are ganglia? | Collections of cell bodies in the PNS |
| What are tracts? | Collections of axons in the CNS |
| What are nerves? | Collections of axons in the PNS |
| What is grey matter? | Areas of the NS that are densely packed with cell bodies |
| What is white matter? | Areas of the NS that are densely packed with axons |
| What is the spinal cord? | Part of the CNS that communicates with all of the sense organs and muscles except those of the head |
| What is the design/make-up of the spinal cord? | 31 pairs of nerves; grey matter inside and white matter outside |
| Dorsal Root Neurons are... | Sensory/Afferent |
| Ventral Root Neurons are... | Motor/Efferent |
| What do Ventral Root Neurons do? | Send information to skeletal and smooth muscle |
| Do Dorsal or Ventral Root Neurons send information to skeletal and smooth muscle? | Ventral Root Neurons |
| What does the Bell-Magendie Law state? | The entering Dorsal roots carry sensory (afferent) information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor (efferent) information. |
| What parts of the brain make up the Brainstem? | Hindbrain & Midbrain |
| What structures make up the Hindbrain? | Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum |
| What is the Hindbrain? | Posterior part of the brain |
| What is the Medulla and where is it located (specifically and in which region)? | The Medulla controls vital reflexes; located on top of spinal cord, in the Hindbrain |
| What would be the result of a spinal cord injury? | Loss of sensation and voluntary control (Quadriplegia or Paraplegia); spinal reflexes below injury remain intact |
| What is the Pons and where is it located (specifically and in which region)? | The Pons is the "bridge" (axons cross sides here, contralateral organization); it is the bulge on top of the Medulla; in Hindbrain |
| What is the Cerebellum and where is it located (specifically and in which region)? | The Cerebellum is the bulge at the back of the Hindbrain (not of the entire brain); in the Hindbrain; has to do with balance, coordination, fine motor control, timing and attention |
| How large is the Midbrain in humans? | The Midbrain is fairly small in humans. |
| What are the structures of the Midbrain? | Superior Colliculi(us), Inferior Colliculi(us), Periaqueductal Gray, Substantia Nigra, & Red Nucleus |
| What is the Superior Colliculi(us) responsible for and where is it located (both specifically and in which region)? | Superior Colliclus= Visual Reflexes! Located in the Midbrain; at the very top of Midbrain (small bulge) |
| What is the Inferior Colliculi(us) responsible for and where is it located (both specifically and in which region)? | Inferior Colliculus= Auditory Reflexes! Located in the Midbrain; right underneath Superior Colliculus |
| What is the Periaqueductal Gray responsible for and where is it located (both specifically and in which region)? | Periaqueductal Gray= Pain Reduction! Located in the Midbrain; gray area near CSF |
| What is the Substantia Nigra responsible for and where is it located (both specifically and in which region)? | Substantia Nigra= Dopamine Producer! Located in the Midbrain; upside-down eyebrows on the "face" |
| What is the Red Nucleus responsible for and where is it located (both specifically and in which region)? | Red Nucleus= Movement! (Relays motor signals from Cerebellum & Motor Cortex to Spinal Cord); Located in the Midbrain; the "eyes" on the upside-down "face" |
| In which brain region do structures come in pairs? | Forebrain |
| What are the parts of the Forebrain? | Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, Basal Ganglia, and Cerebral Cortex |
| What is the Thalamus responsible for and where is it located (both specifically and in which region)? | Thalamus= sensory relay station! Like the UPS of the brain; a collection of nuclei; it is the egg-shaped structure in the center of the brain; in the Forebrain. |
| What might happen if some of the axons from the nuclei of the Thalamus are routed to the incorrect directions? | Synthesia |
| Damage or alteration to which region might cause Synthesia? | Thalamus |
| What is the Hypothalamus responsible for and where is it located (both specifically and in which region)? | Hypothalamus= regulation of motivated behaviors! (Hunger, thirst, reproduction, relaxation & sleep, temperature regulation); exerts this control through Pituitary Gland; located in the Forebrain; smaller, and right below the Thalamus |
| What is the Pituitary Gland? | An endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus (not a part of the brain itself); produces hormones |
| What are the structures in the Limbic System? | Hippocampus, Amygdala |
| What is the Hippocampus responsible for and where is it located (both specifically and in which region)? | Hippocampus= memory function! It is the leaf looking structure in the Limbic System, part of the Forebrain |
| What is the Amygdala responsible for and where is it located (both specifically and in which region)? | Amygdala= emotional processing! Fear, rage, aggression; interpreting emotional meaning in the environment; Located in the Limbic System, part of the Forebrain, it is the almond shaped structure right in front of the Hippocampus |
| What is the Basal Ganglia responsible for and where is it located (both specifically and in which region)? How many main structures does it have? | Basal Ganglia is responsible for learning (especially through habits; skill learning); action selection (activates/inhibits movement center); linked to Parkinson's and Tourette's; it is lateral to the Thalamus and medial to the Cortex; 3 main structures |
| What is a Gyrus? | Bulge on surface (folds of brain); on Cerebral Cortex |
| What is the term for a bulge on the surface of the brain (in Cerebral Cortex)? | Gyrus |
| What is a Sulcus? | A divot in between two Gyri; on Cerebral Cortex |
| What is another term for Sulcus? What's the difference? | Fissure; a Fissure is deeper or larger than a Sulcus |
| What is a Fissure? | A deeper or larger divot in the Cerebral Cortex |
| What is another term for Fissure? What's the difference? | Sulcus; a Sulcus is a smaller version of a Fissure |
| What is the Longitudinal Fissure? Where is it located? | Long fissure that goes from front to back of head; medial |
| Where is the Central Sulcus? | Located where you would wear a headband |
| What is the name for the long fissure that goes from front to back of head; medial? | Longitudinal Fissure |
| What is the name of the sulcus located where you would wear a headband? | Central Sulcus |
| Where is the Lateral Sulcus? | Located on the sides of the brain; lateral; looks like it portions off temporal lobes |
| What is the name for the sulcus located on the sides of the brain; right above the temporal lobe? | Lateral Sulcus |
| In what structure are the four lobes located? | Cerebral Cortex |
| What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebral Cortex? | Occipital, Frontal, Temporal and Parietal Lobes |
| What is the Occipital Lobe responsible for and where is it located? | Occipital lobe= visual processing center! Conscious visual perception; visual imagery; it is organized contralaterally (L half of visual world goes to R side of brain; vise versa); most posterior part of the brain |
| What could damage to the Occipital Lobe cause? | Cortical blindness |
| Damage to which brain area would cause Cortical blindness? | Occipital Lobe |
| What is Cortical blindness? | Total or partial loss of vision, without damage to the eye; due to damage in the Cortex (Occipital lobe) |
| Where is the Frontal Lobe? | It is blocked off by (in front) the Central Sulcus and (above) the Lateral Sulcus; in the Cerebral Cortex |
| What are the parts of the Frontal Lobe? | Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex; Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) |
| What is the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex responsible for and where is it located? | It is important for empathy, impulse control, planning, and delay of gratification; located in the Frontal Lobe of the Cerebral Cortex (ventromedially) |
| What is the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex responsible for and where is it located? | It is important for working memory, holding information in consciousness, and manipulating information; located in the Frontal Lobe of the Cerebral Cortex (dorsolaterally) |
| Where did Phineas Gage have damage? | Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex |
| What part of the brain is active during a Delayed Response Task, during the delay when shapes are not visible? | Dorsolatral Prefrontal Cortex |
| What is another term for the Primary Motor Cortex? | Precentral Gyrus |
| What is another term for the Precentral Gyrus? | Primary Motor Cortex |
| Where is the Primary Motor Cortex located? | Just in front of the Central Gyrus, in the Frontal Lobe |
| What is an Association Cortex (in general)? | It is not a primary sensory region; combines information from multiple sensory systems |
| What is the Parietal Lobe and where is it located? What regions does it include? | Parietal Lobe located between the Frontal & Occipital lobes, top of head; Object recognition by touch, process spatial relations; position of body relative to object; mathematical reasoning; Somatosensory cortex/PostCenral Gyrus & Association Cortex here |
| Which region of the brain allows a blind person to know they are close to a wall? | Parietal Lobe (position of body relative to object); nothing to do with vision |
| What is another name for the Somatosensory Cortex? | Postcentral Gyrus |
| What is another name for the Postcentral Gyrus? | Somatosensory Cortex |
| What is the Somatosensory Cortex and where is it located? | Provides input (not output) for movement planning and control; contains map of the body; experience of sensation (Postcentral Gyrus); located in the Parietal Lobe of the Cerebral Cortex, right behind the Central Gyrus |
| What is the Association Cortex of the Parietal Lobe? | Combines body sensations & limb positions (from Somatosensory Cortex) w visual info about location of objects (from Occipital); Function: object recognition by touch, processes spatial relations, position of body relative to object, mathematical reasoning |
| What are two structures that protect the NS? | Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
| Describe the function, location, and structure of the Meninges | Located in between skull & brain for cushion and padding; 3 layers from outside in: Dura Mater (tough), Arachnoid Membrane (web-like, spongy material with some 'give'), *Subarachnoid space filled with CSF*, Pia Mater (delicate, adheres to brain surface) |
| What is Dura Mater? | The tough, outside layer of the Meninges |
| What is the Arachnoid Membrane? | The middle layer of the Meninges; web-like, spongy membrane with some 'give' |
| What is Subarachnoid Space? | The space below the Arachnoid Membrane in the Meninges that is filled with CSF (and some blood vessels) |
| What is Pia Mater? | Delicate, innermost layer of Meninges, adheres to brain surface |
| What are two diseases that effect the Meninges? Which is more dangerous? | Meningioma and Meningitis; Meningitis is more dangerous |
| What is Meningioma? | A fairly benign, common brain tumor on the Meninges; can push on the brain |
| What is Meningitis? | An inflammation of the Meninges (very dangerous) |
| What is Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF? | A fluid that bathes the brain, functions as protection and buoyancy, waste removal, and delivery of hormones; constantly cycles; fills the ventricles |
| What are ventricles filled with? | CSF |
| What is CSF produced and synthesized by? | Chloroid Plexus |
| What does the Chloroid Plexus do? | Produce and synthesize CSF |
| What disease has to do with CSF? | Hydrocephalus |
| What is Hydrocephalus? What can help? | "Water on the brain"; CSF circulation problem; too much CSF builds up pressure and can cause death; Shunt or valve can help |
| Do cranial nerves belong to the PNS or CNS? | PNS |
| What types of cranial nerves are there? | Sensory (eyes, ears, mouth, nose) and Motor (movement of head and neck; facial nerve) |
| What is the Vagus Nerve? | It is a cranial nerve that carries sensory and motor signals to internal organs; keeps you alive |
| What are cranial nerves? | Nerves that belong to the PNS, project from brain and brainstem; sensory and motor; Vagus nerve |
| What is a disease that effects cranial nerves? | Bell's Palsy |
| What is Bell's Palsy? | Cranial nerve pathology; symptoms are facial paralysis; sudden onset (no damage or trauma); weakness, drooping, impaired taste; viral causes; 85% of cases subside in 3 weeks |
| Describe the structure of the Cerebral Cortex. | 6 layers; axons on the bottommost layer |
| What is the Corpus Callosum? | A bridge of axon tracts that connects the two hemispheres. |
| What is the Association Cortex of the Temporal Lobe? | Combines sound, language processing with visual information about identity of objects; function: recognition of objets by sight and sound, stored information about categories |
| Name 4 regions involved in motor control. | Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus), Red Nucleus, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum |
| If you cut the head off a chicken, which structure is in tact if it remains alive regardless? | Medulla |
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Kelsey20
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