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Positioning Ch 18
Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the functions of the kidneys? | 1.)removing waste products from the blood; 2.) maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance 3.) secreting substances that affect blood pressure |
| Amount of urine excreted daily? | 1-2 liters |
| What is secreted by the suprarenal glands? | Epinephrine and Cortical Hormones |
| Which kidney is longer? | Left |
| Which kidney is lower in the abdomen? | Right |
| Which kidney is more narrow? | Left |
| For which body habitus will the kidneys lie at the highest level? | Hypersthenic |
| Approximately how much do the kidneys drop from supine to upright? | 2 inches |
| What is the essential microscopic, functional component of renal parenchyma? | Nephron |
| The cluster of blood capillaries contained within the capsule of a nephron is called the: | Glomerulus |
| What serves as the filter for the blood in the kidney? | Glomerulus |
| The cup-shaped recesses in the center of each kidney that receive the urine from the collecting ducts are called the: | Calyces |
| Where do the ureters lie in relation to the peritoneum? | Behind the peritoneum |
| What serves as a reservoir for the urine? | Urinary Bladder |
| The adult bladder can hold how much urine? | 500 mL |
| Where do the ureters enter the bladder? | Posterior Wall |
| The point at which the ureters enter the bladder is called: | Ureterovesical Junction |
| How long is the female urethra? | 1 1/2 inches |
| The technique of injecting contrast media into a vein and taking radiographs of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder is termed: | Intravenous Urography (IVU) |
| In some radiography procedures involving the urinary system, the contrast medium is introduced against the normal flow. This is termed: | Retrograde |
| A radiographic examination of the urinary bladder is termed: | Cystography |
| For which anatomical areas is the retrograde technique used? | 1)Bladder; 2)Lower Ureters; 3)Urethra |
| The concentration of iodine in ionic contrast media is: | 50-70% |
| What is true about nonionic contrast agents? | 1)Less likely to cause a reaction; 2)more expensive |
| The common reactions to contrast media include: | Warmth and Flushing |
| Significant reactions to contrast media include: | 1)Nausea; 2)Vomiting; 3)Edema of respiratory mucous membrane |
| Nearly all life-threatening reactions to contrast media occur immediately or within ______ minutes after injection. | 20 minutes |
| Preparation of the patient for an IVU includes: | 1)Light evening meal; 2)Non-gas forming laxative; 3)NPO after midnight |
| The exposure technique used for an IVU should have sufficient contrast and density to clearly demonstrate the: | 1)Outline of the kidneys; 2)lower border of the liver; 3)Lateral margin of the psoas muscles |
| Where is the compression applied during an IVU? | Distal end of ureters |
| Compression should not be used during an IVU if the patient has: | 1)an aneurysm 2)Colostomy |
| The respiration phase for all exposures made during an IVU is: | Expiration |
| Contraindications for intravenous urography include: | 1)Anuria; 2)Renal failure |
| Within how many minutes does contrast medium appear in the pelvicalyceal system? | 2 to 8 minutes |
| How much is the patient rotated from the supine for an AP oblique projections of the urinary system? | 30 degrees |
| What plane is centered to the grid for a lateral projection of the urinary system? | Mid-Coronal Plane |
| What position is commonly used to demonstrate the ureteropelvic junction? | Dorsal Decubitus |
| What is true regarding retrograde urography? (3) | 1)Ureters must be catheterized 2)Provides little physiologic information 3)Contrast injected directly into pelvicalyceal system. |
| What technique is used to get contrast directly into the urinary bladder for cystogram? | Retrograde filling technique |
| What projections are used for a cystogram? | AP / AP Oblique / Lateral |
| What size IR and which position is used for examination of the urinary bladder (cystogram)? | 10 x 12 Lengthwise (24 x 30cm) |
| Where is the IR centered for an AP axial projection of the urinary bladder (cystogram)? | 2 inches above the upper border of the symphysis pubis |
| How much is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the urinary bladder during a cystogram? | 40 to 60 degrees |
| What plane is centered to the grid for a lateral projection during a cystogram? | Midcoronal plane |
| What is the essential projection used for a cystourethrogram on a male patient? | AP Oblique |
| Where is the IR centered for the AP oblique projection during a male or female cystourethrogram? | Superior border of the pubic symphysis |
| How much is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection during a male or female cystourethrogram? | 35 to 40 Degrees |
| How is the central ray positioned to free the bladder neck of superimposition during a female cystourethrogram? | 5 degrees caudad |
| The urinary system includes: | 2 Kidneys 2 Ureters 1 Urethra |
| Where do the 2 kidneys lie? | Behind the peritoneum |
| The concave medial border of the kidney where the blood vessels and ureter exit is called the: | The Hilum |
| The mucosal folds on the inside of the urinary bladder are called: | Rugae |
| The abbreviation for the excretory technique of urography is: | IVU |
| The radiographic examination of the urethra is called: | Cystourethrogram |
| The center of the compression device that is placed over the lower ureters during intravenous urography is positioned where? | Level of the ASIS |
| What projection is used to demonstrate the mobility of the kidneys during an IVU? | AP Erect |
| Which projection would place the right kidney perpendicular to the IR? | AP Oblique RPO |
| What position may be helpful to demonstrate the lower ureters: | Trendelenburg's 15-20 degrees |
| What is the respiration phase for an IVU? | Expiration |
| Which examination is considered an operative examination? | Retrograde Urography |
| What is the central-ray angulation for the AP axial urinary bladder? | 10 to 15 degrees Caudad (centered 2" above upper border of symphysis) |
| What is the central ray angulation for the PA Axial projection of the urinary bladder? | 10 to 15 degrees Cephalad |
| The radiologic technologist may initiate venipuncture and administer medications on the order of: | Any physician |
| Before venipuncture is performed, the radiologic technologist must assess what? | 1)Allergic reaction to iodine tincture 2)Adverse reaction to medication being used |
| Guidelines from which organizations must be adhered to with regard to venipuncture administration? | 1)ASRT 2)State agencies 3)Institution |
| What is true regarding the use of needles during venipuncture? | The needle may only be used once. |
| IV medications are administered to which body system? | Venous System |
| The vessels most often used for venipuncture are where? | Posterior Hand & Anterior Forearm |
| The antiseptic used to cleanse the skin before venipuncture should remain on the skin for how long? | 30 seconds |
| Before venipuncture the skin is cleaned in what kind of motion and how large of an area? | Circular motion; 2" area |
| During venipuncture, how far above the site of the puncture is the tourniquet placed? | 6 to 8 inches |
| What is the angle of the needle to the skin's surface during venipuncture? | 45 degrees |
| After the needle enters the skin during venipuncture, the angle of the needle is reduced how many degrees to the long axis of the vessel? | 15 degrees |
| When blood or the medication injected into a vessel leaks out, it is called: | Extravasation or infiltration |
| Which of the following would indicate that contrast medium has infiltrated the surrounding vessels? | Swelling, Burning, pain and redness (not discoloration) |
| What is the most common cause of contrast medium leaking out of a vessel and infiltrating the surrounding tissues? | Needle displacement |
| What therapies would be applied if contrast medium infiltrates the surrounding tissues? | 1)Application of ice if under 30 minutes 2)Apply warm compress if over 30 minutes |
| Mild reactions to IV contrast? | Warmth, metallic taste or sneezing |
| Moderate reactions to IV contrast? | Nausea, vomiting or itching |
| Severe reactions to IV contrast? | Anaphylactic reaction resulting in respiratory or cardiac crisis |
| What is the best overall index of kidney function? | GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) |
| Normal creatinine level? | 0.6 to 1.2 mg/100 mL |
| Normal GFR level? | 120 to 125 mL/minute |
| What GFR level would indicate renal dysfunction? | 90 mL/minute or less |
| The series of radiographs made during an IVU examination are typically done at time intervals between: | 3 and 20 minutes |
| What is true regarding positioning of the abdomen for a lateral projection of the urinary system? | The midcoronal plane is centered to the grid |
| How many minutes after injection does the greatest concentration of contrast medium appear in the kidneys? | 15 to 20 minutes |
| Where is the IR centered for all abdominal radiographs taken during examinations of the urinary system? | Iliac Crests |
| what must be available during an IVU? | Radiologist and Crash Cart (emergency cart) |
| The vessels that carry blood into the glomerulus are the _______________ arterioles and vessels that carry blood out of the glomerulus are the ___________ arterioles. | In=Afferent; Exit=Efferent |
| Approximately how many will experience anaphylaxis during administration of contrast media? | 1 in 14,000 |
Created by:
foster1317
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