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Sense/Perceive 5-8
Sense/Perceive
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Steps to color perception | 1. detect wavelengths 2. discrimination- tell difference b/w wavelengths 3. appearance- assign perceived colors |
| s-cone | a cone that is preferentially sensitive to short wavelengths; colloquially known as a "blue-cone"; peak at about 420nm; relatively rare, more sensitive than M & L cones |
| m-cone | cone that is preferentiall sensitive to middle wavelengths; aka "green cone"; peak at about 565nm |
| l-cone | cone that is preferentially sensitive to long wavelengths; aka "red cone" |
| photopic | referring to light intensities that are bright enough to stimulate cone receptors and "saturate" rod receptors (drive them to near max response) |
| scotopic | referring to light intensities that are bright enough to stimulate rod receptors but too dim to stimulate cone receptors; peaks around 500nm |
| rods | work in dim light; humans only have one type |
| cones | 3 types; work in daylight |
| problem of univariance | an infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combos can elicit exactly the same response from a single type of photoreceptor; one photoreceptor can't make color discriminations based on wavelength |
| trichromacy (aka trichromatic theory of color vision (aka Youn-Helmholtz theory)) | theory that the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships of three numbers--the outputs of 3 receptor types now known as the three cones |
| metamers | different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical; any pair of stimuli that are perceived as identical in spite of physical differences |
| additive color mixture | mixture of lights; ex: if lights A & B are both reflected from a surface to the eye, in the perception of color the effects of those two lights together |
| subtractive color mixture | mixture of pigments. If pigments A & B mix, some of the light shining on the surface will be subtracted by A, and some by B. Only the remainder contributes to the perception of collor |
| lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) | structure in the thalamus, part of the midbrain, that receives input from the retinal ganglion cells and has input and ouput connections to the visual cortex |
| cone-opponent cell | a cell type--found in the retina, LGN, and visual cortex--that, in effect, subtracts one type of cone input from another |
| color space | the 3D space, established because color perception is based on the outputs of three cone types, that describes the set of all colors |
| achromatic | referring to any color that lacks a chromatic (hue) component. Black, white, or gray |
| hue | chromatic (colorful) aspect of color (red, blue, green, yellow, etc) |
| saturation | chromatic strength of a hue. white has zero saturation, pink is more saturated, and red is fully saturated |
| brightness | perceptual consequence of the physical intensity of a light |
| opponent color theory | theory that perception of color is based on the output of three mechanisms, each of them resulting from an opponency between 2 colors: R-G, B-Y, black-white |
| unique hue | any of four colors that can be described with only a single color term: red, yellow, green, blue. other colors can be described as compounds |
| double-opponent cell | cell type (in visual cortex) in which one region is excited by one cone type, combo of cones, or color and inhibited by opponent cones or color |
| single-opponent cell | another way to refer to cone-opponent cells in order to differentiate them from double-opponent cells |
| anachromatopsia | inability to perceive colors that is caused by damage to the central nervous system |
| afterimage | a visual image seen after the stimulus has been removed |
| adapting stimulus | stimulus whose removal produces a change in visual perception or sensitivity |
| negative afterimage | afterimage whose polarity is the opposite of the original stimulus. light stimuli produce dark negative afterimages. colors are complementary; R-->G, Y-->B |
| neutral point | point at which an opponent color mechanism is generating no signal. if R-G & B-Y mechanisms are at their neutral points, a stimulus will appear achromatic |
| deuteranope | individual who suffers from color blindness due to absence of M-cones |
| protanope | someone who suffers from color blindness due to absence of S-cones |
| color-anomalous | individuals typically have three cone photopigments, but 2 of them very similar; discriminations based on wavelength are different from the norm |
| cone monochromat | individual with only one cone type; truly colorblind |
| rod monchromat | individual with no cones. badly visually impaired in bright light in addition to being truly color-blind |
| agnosia | failure to recognize objects in spite of the ability to see them; typically due to brain damage |
| anomia | inability to name objects in spite of the ability to see and recognize them (as shown by usage). typically due to brain damage |
| cultural relativism | idea that basic perceptual experiences may be determined in part by the cultural environment |
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