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Psych 232- Chapter 3
developmental: forming a new life
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| fertilization | union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote, also called conception |
| zygote | one-celled organism resulting from fertilization |
| dizygotic twins | twins conceived by the union of 2 different ova (or single ovum that has split) with 2 different sperm cells, also called faternal twins |
| monozygotic twins | twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization, also called identical twins |
| DNA | chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of al cellular forms of life |
| human genome | complete sequence of genes in the human body |
| autosomes | in humans 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual experience |
| sex chromosomes | pair of chromosomes that determines sex: XX in the normal female. XY in normal male |
| polygenic inheritance | pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites in a chromosome affect a complex trait. EX: skin color |
| mutations | permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics |
| multifactorial transmission | combination of genetic & environmental factors to produce certain complex traits |
| epigenesis | mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of the body cells |
| incomplete dominance | patterns of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of that trait |
| sex-linked inheritance | pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried in the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring |
| Down syndrome | chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-severe metal retardation and by such physical signs as downward-sloping skin folds at the inner corner of the eyes, also called trisomy-21 |
| genetic counseling | clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects |
| behavioral genetics | quantitative study of related hereditary and the environmental influences on behavior |
| heritability | statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to an individual difference in a specific trait in a given population |
| Concordant | term describing tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder |
| reaction range | potential variability, depending on environmental conditions, in the expression of a hereditary trait |
| canalization | limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited characteristics |
| genotype-enviornmentl interaction | the portion of phenotypic variation that results from the reactions of genetically different individuals to similar environmental conditions |
| genotype-enviorment correlation | tendency of certain genetic & environmental influences to reinforce each other. may be passive, reactive or active. Also called genotype-enviornment covariance |
| niche-picking | tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his/her genotype |
| non shared environmental effects | the unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of the distinctive influences that affect one child different;y than another |
| temperament | characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations |
| gestation | period of development between conception & birth |
| gestational age | age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother's last menstrual cycle |
| germinal stage | 1st 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation & implantation in the cell wall of the uterus |
| embryonic stage | 2nd stage of gestation (2-8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major boy systems and organs |
| spontaneous abortions | natural expulsion from uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb, also called miscarriage |
| fetal stage | final stage of gestation (8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and enlarged body size |
| ultrasound | prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally |
| teratogen | environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug or radiation that can interfere with normal prenatal development & cause abnormalities |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | Combination of mental, motor, & development abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | Viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system |
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jessiedig
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