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Psych 232- Chapter 2
Developmental: Theory & research
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| theory | coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain & predict data |
| hypothesis | possible explanation for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research |
| mechanistic model | model that views human development as a series of predictable response to stimuli |
| organismic | model that views human development as internally initiated by an active organism & occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages |
| quantitative change | changes in # or amount, such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication |
| qualitative change | discontinuous changes in kind, structure or organization |
| psychosexual development | in frequency theory, an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals |
| psychoanalytic perspectives | view of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior |
| psychosocial development | In Erikson's 8 stage theory, the socially & culturally influenced process of developing of the ego, or self |
| learning perspective | view of human development that holds, that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment |
| Behaviorism | learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observation behavior |
| classic conditioning | learning based on associating a stimuli that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimuli that does elicit the response |
| operant conditioning | learning based on association of behavior with its consequences |
| reinforcement | the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
| punishment | the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreased the likelihood of repetition |
| social learning theory | theory that behaviors are learned by observing & imitating models, also called social cognitive theory |
| reciprocal determinism | Bandura's term for bidirectional forces that affect development |
| observational learning | learning through watching the behavior of others |
| self-efficacy | Sense of one's capability to master challenges & achieved goals |
| cognitive perspective | view that thought processes are central to development |
| cognitive-stage theory | Piaget's theory that children's cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental observations |
| organization | Piaget's term for the creation of categories or system of knowledge |
| schemes | Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and behaviors used in particular situations |
| adaptations | Piaget's term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation & accommodation |
| assimilation | Piaget's term for incorporation of new info. into existing cognitive structure |
| accommodation | Piaget's term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new info. |
| equilibration | Piaget's term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements achieved through a balance between assimilation & accommodation |
| Sociocultural theory | Vygotsky's theory of how contextual factors affect children's development |
| Zone of proximal development (ZPD) | Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone & what a child can do with help |
| scaffolding | temporary support to help children master a task |
| informative-processing approach | Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing & analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving & handling info. |
| Contextual perspective | view of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from social content |
| bioecological theory | Bronfenbrenner's approach to understanding processes & context of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence |
| evolutionary/ sociobiological perspectives | view of the human development that focuses on evolutionary & biological bases of behavior |
| ethology | study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species |
| evolutionary psychology | Application of the Darwinian principals of natural selection & survival of the fittest to individuals behavior |
| quantitative research | research that deals with objectively measurable data |
| qualitative | research that focuses on nonnumerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings or beliefs |
| sample | group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study |
| random selection | selection of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal & independence chance of being chosen |
| naturalistic observation | research method in which behavior is studied in a natural setting without intervention or manipulation |
| laboratory observation | research method in which all participants are observed under same controlled conditions |
| operational definition | definition stated solely in terms of the operation or procedure used to produce or measure a phenomenon |
| cognitive neuroscience | study links between neural processes and cognitive abilities |
| Case study | study of single subject such as an individual or family |
| ethnographic study | in-depth study of culture which uses a combination of methods including participant observation |
| participant observation | research method which the observer lives with people or participates in the activity being observed |
| correlational study | research designed to discover whether a statistical relationship between variables exists |
| experimental group | in an experiment, the group receiving the treatment under study |
| control group | in an experiment, the group of people similar to those in the experiment group, who do not receive the treatment under study |
| random assignment | assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group |
| cross-sectional study | study desgined to asses age-related differences in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion |
| longitudinal study | study designed to assume age changes in a sample over time |
| sequential study | study design that combines cross-sectional & longitudinal techniques |
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jessiedig
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