intrinsic muscles of the larynx

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speech and hearing

test two

Question	Answer
unpaired cartilages	cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis
_____ are a paired cartilage in the larynx	arytenoids
the extrinsic muscles of the larynx help in:	holding the larynx in place
____ is an extrinsic muscle of the larynx	sternothyroid
intrinsic muscles of the larynx	posterior cricoarytenoid, arytenoid oblique, and lateral cricoarytenoid
adductors of the vocal folds	lateral cricoarytenoid, interarytenoid transversus, and interarytenoid oblique
only abductor of the vocal fold	posterior cricoarytenoid
largest part of the laryngeal skeleton	thyroid cartilage
muscle that opens the vocal folds	posterior cricoarytenoid
phonation threshold pressure	is the minimal amount of sub glottal pressure needed to set the vocal folds in motion
the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles is a(n)	adductor of the vocal folds
according to bernoulli principle, air passing through a narrow channel has:	increased velocity and decreased pressure
medial compression in the larynx causes:	increase in the sub glottal pressure
the vertical phase differences occur because of the lag between the opening and closing of the superior and the inferior edges of vocal folds	true
the vocal folds are opened by medial compression of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles	false
vocal folds that have been forced apart by air pressure, recoil back to their midline position due to their natural elasticity	true
voice intensity is controlled by regulating sub glottal pressure	true
tracheal pressure plus supraglottal pressure equals transglottal pressure	false
the horizontal/longitudinal phase differences occur because of the lag between the opening and closing of the superior and the inferior edges of vocal folds	false
myo means ____	muscle
the vocal folds are mostly comprised of ____ tissue	muscle
the elastic suffix serves to remind us that the ____ ____ is elastic and that we have active control over its elastic properties	vocal fold
____ means that the theory deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids, and with the forces active on bodies in motion such as the vocal folds	aerodynamic
closure of the vocal folds is mediated by ___ ____ and ____ muscles	lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid
the medial compression force that hold the vocal folds adducted in the ____ position	midline
the medial compression causes the ____ or the ___ pressure to increase to the degree that overcomes the medial compression force	subglottal; tracheal
once high enough, the two vocal folds are blown ____ allowing a puff of air to pass through the vocal tract, setting the air column in the vocal tract into vibration and thus creating a sound wave	outward
the recoiling force of the vocal folds allow them to retain their original position in the midline, so they come close to each other forming a ___ channel	narrow
a negative pressure is created in the column of air passing through this narrow channel as a result of ____ ____	Bernoulli principle
the Bernoulli principle entails that when the air passes through a narrow channel, its velocity ______ and its pressure ____	increases; decreases
as a result of this negative pressure, the vocal folds are sucked together, creating a closed airspace below the ___, with subsequent increase in the sub glottal pressure and the cycle begins again	glottis
opening and closing the vocal folds form one cycle of ____ of the vocal folds	vibration
during speech, the vocal folds vibrate ____ times/second	100s
a simple rectangular block represents one ___ ___	vocal fold
a ___ is useful for portraying the tissue stiffness or restoring force in the vocal fold	spring
vocal tract	pharynx up to the lips, oral cavity, and articulators
a damping constant represents the ____ (energy absorption) of the tissue	viscosity
bernoulli effect	d x 1/2 (v2p) = c
d=	density
v=	velocity
p=	pressure
c=	constant velocity
when air/fluid flow encounters a constriction, ____ must increase to get all air molecules through this constriction	velocity
if velocity increases, ____ must decrease	pressure
While the inferior end starts to ____, the superior end is still ____	close; open
The ____ phase differences occurs because there is a lag between the opening and closing of the superior end and the inferior end of vocal folds (the vocal folds do not open or close as a whole)	vertical
the ____ phase difference occurs as a result of the lag between opening and closing of the anterior end (anterior commissure of the thyroid c.) of the VFs and the posterior end (the vocal process of the arytenoid c).	horizontal
vocal folds open from ___ to ___ and close from ___ to ___	back to front; front to back
vocal folds ____ from back to front and ___ from front to back	open; close
These phase differences give the VF vibration a wave-like motion (undulating movement), which called ____ wave	mucosal
a unique feature of the vocal folds resulting from their layered structure.	mucosal wave
the results of vocal folds vibration is a periodic sound that consists of a fundamental frequency and its ______	harmonics
___ is the rate at which the vocal folds vibrate and it is perceived as the pitch of the person's voice	F0
length of vocal folds	increase length, decrease rate (and vice versa)
mass of vocal folds	greater mass, decrease rate c(and vice versa)
stiffness (tension) of vocal folds	greater tension increase rate (and vice versa)
children have VF with F0 around ____-____ Hz	250-300
adult females have F0 around ____-____ Hz	180-250
adult males have F0 around ____-___ Hz due to their longer and bigger mass of their vocal folds	80-150
In general, the person is able to change ___ and his/her own ____ according to the purpose of the sentence, statement versus question with more stress on particular syllables	F0; pitch
the vocal folds set into vibration by the air passing through the ____	glottis
the air flow results from what is called the driving pressure or _____	transglottal
difference between the sub glottal and supraglottal	transglottal
subglottal	tracheal
____ threshold is the minimum transglottal pressure at which the vocal fold can start to vibrate	phonation
phonation threshold is about __-___ cm H20 for conversational speech at normal loudness	3-6
voice intensity can be changed by changing the ____ pressure and thus force applied to the medial compression	subglottic
increasing the subglottic pressure is associated with greater medial compression of the vocal folds and thus increasing the strength of their vibration leading to the increase in the amplitude of vibration which is perceived as ____	loudness
the tension of vocal folds is also changeable during speech according to the verbal message with changing ___	FO
during speech, the vocal folds continuously modify their ____ characteristics to change F0 and intensity according to the verbal message	tension
these changes in voice intensity affect....	prosody (melody), intonation, mood and emotion
___ is perceived as the pitch of the voice	F0
the ___ are perceived as the quality of the voice	harmonics
quality of ___ or ___ refers to how much acoustic energy in each frequency of the harmonics	voice or timbre
quality of voice indicates the relationship between the ___ and their ____	frequencies; amplitude
human voice fluctuate in its ____ and its ____ due to the nature of the tissue and mechanics of the laryngeal system	frequency; amplitude
human voice is not purely ____	periodic
refers to the time variability from cycle to cycle in human voice	jitter
jitter up to ___- __% variation is considered normal cycle variation	0.2-1 percent
refers to the fluctuation in the amplitude from cycle to cycle	shimmer
Shimmer values less than ____ dB or less are considered normal variation in the amplitude from cycle to cycle in human voice	0.5
Sources of ___ and ___ might be due to neurological, aerodynamic, biomechanics or acoustic factors	jitter and shimmer
____ also can affect the fluctuation in frequency and amplitude form cycle to cycle	articulators
measuring ____ and ____ will help in detecting any neuromuscular dysfunction of VFs or nodule/mass in the VFs or surrounding tissues	jitter and shimmer
to evaluate jitter and shimmer, you must measure the ___ of each cycle	period
jitter and shimmer are usually calculated using a ____ ____	computer program
some programs measure jitter in ____ and some use ____	percentages; milliseconds
some programs measure shimmer in ____ and some use ____	percentages; decibels
The slight degree of cycle-to-cycle variance in vocal fold vibration is such a natural part of voice production that too _____ jitter and shimmer usually sounds unnatural	little
Jitter values above this level indicate vocal folds are vibrating in a way that is not as ____ as it should be	periodic
something is interfering with normal vocal fold vibration	high jitter
jitter can be altered with ____	practice
jitter can also be used as an index of ____ ____	vocal maturation
children have ____ jitter than adults	higher
older adults have ___ jitter than young adults	higher
jitter and shimmer reflex the physiologic _____ of the human body	NOISE
Problems in neuromuscular control can result in the vocal folds vibrating in a less stable manner resulting in _____ jitter and shimmer	higher
vocal fold mass caused by ____	nodules
vocal folds ____ in many different ways	vibrate
refers to a Specific range of fundamental frequencies characterized by a particular Mode of vocal fold vibration	vocal register
Characteristic that distinguishes the 3 registers is...	manner of vocal fold vibration
3 most common registers in speech production	pulse (glottal fry), modal, and falsetto
range of very low F0	pulse register
the pulse register is also called...	vocal fry, glottal fry, or creaky voice
pulse register is perceptually sounds ___ or has a ____ quality	creaky; popping
pulse register has a ____ spectral slope	shallow
pulse registers are used mainly at the ___ of sentences	end
pulse registers become a problem when it becomes ____	habitual
During pulse register, the ___ ___ are tightly closed, but their free margins are lax, which allows the air to bubbles up between them, causing this low-frequency vibration of the VF (30-80, average=60Hz)	vocal folds
During pulse register, the vocal folds are tightly closed, but their free margins are ___, which allows the air to bubbles up between them, causing this low-frequency vibration of the VF (30-80, average=60Hz)	lax
During pulse register, the vocal folds are tightly closed, but their free margins are lax , which allows the air to bubbles up between them, causing this low-frequency vibration of the VF	30-80, average=60Hz
Closing of the VFs is ____ or _____ in each vibration cycle in such a way that they open, then close but not completely to the midline, then open again and then close all the way for about 90% of the cycle	biphasic or multiphasic
Closing of the VFs is biphasic or multiphasic in each vibration cycle in such a way that they ____, then ____ but not completely to the midline, then open again and then close all the way for about 90% of the cycle	open; close
Closing of the VFs is biphasic or multiphasic in each vibration cycle in such a way that they open, then close but not completely to the midline, then open again and then close all the way for about ___% of the cycle	90
refers to the zone of high frequency range of F0	falsetto register
falsetto register is also known as ___ register	loft
During ____ register, the VFs are very long and tense and bow-shaped with very thin edges	falsetto
During falsetto register, the VFs are very ____ and ___ and bow-shaped with very thin edges	long and tense
This high tension and elongation result from the severe contraction of the _____ muscle	cricothyroid
Due to this high tensions, the VFs do not meet in the midline and their vibrations occur at very ____ frequency range of F0	high
The vibration in case of falsetto register is less complex and is too fast, which make the quality of the voice ___-like	flute
The vibration in case of falsetto register is ___ complex and is too ____, which make the quality of the voice flute-like	less; fast
in _____ register, The vocal ligament and the body of the VFs do not fully vibrate, resulting in this less complex mode of vibration	falsetto
Also, because the range of F0 is too high, the spacing between the harmonics is wide, which results in ____ quality of voice	thinner
Also, because the range of F0 is too high, the spacing between the harmonics is ____, which results in thinner quality of voice	wide
In addition, due to incomplete closure of the VFs, the voice produced by falsetto register is ____	breathy
____ register is used for normal conversation speech.	modal
Modal register refers to the zone of ___-frequency range of F0.	mid
In the upper limit of the modal register, speaker can reach the _____ register; in the lower limit, speaker can reach ____ register	falsetto; pulse
in modal register, The VFs are shorter than their normal resting length, the cover of the VFs is ____	flabby
in modal register, The vibration is ____ and the ___ of the folds are completely involved in the vibration	complex; body
modal register vertically, vocal folds open from ___ to ___ and close from ___ to ___	bottom to top; bottom to top
modal register horizontally, vocal folds open from ___ to ___ and close from ___ to ___	back to front; front to back
If a speaker primarily uses pulse or falsetto in conversational speech, they have a ___ problem and need therapy	voice
voice quality is determined by...	how vocal folds vibrate and shape ad configuration of vocal tract
how the vocal folds ____ plays an important role in shaping voice quality	vibrate
VF are closed too tightly, too much medial compression	hyperadduction
hyper adduction can be due to...	vocal abuse or neurological disease
it takes more ___ to overcome the resistance of the vocal fold and blow them apart	Ps
VF that do not close as tightly as they should	hypoadduction
hypo adduction can be due to vocal fold ____	paralysis
hypo adduction means there is too little ____ ____	muscle force
in hypoadduction, the vocal folds do not offer enough ____ to allow air to escape from between the vocal folds	resistance
the loss of air in hypo adduction creates a turbulence and adds to a __, ___ quality to the air	breathy, noisy
various words to describe voice quality	hoarse, tinny, raspy, clear, harsh
Perceptually, you can tell the difference between people’s voices but ___ and ____ the difference Objectively is difficult	describing and measuring
normal voice quality is often defined as ____ of a problem	absence
voice researchers, ____ and ____ identified the issues with defining a normal voice	Colton and Casper
there are ____ set standards	no
____ comes in many varieties	voice
voice does not remain ____	constant
voice is a ____	continuum
____ changes throughout the lifespan	voice
Some voice experts have begun to determine voice quality by examining the actual function of the ____	larynx
Zemlin has defined __ specifiable parameters of voice Production that contribute to a Normal, Clear, Vocal Quality	6
____ has defined 6 specifiable parameters of voice Production that contribute to a Normal, Clear, Vocal Quality	Zemlin
the flexibility of pitch during conversational speech	maximum frequency range
adults have frequency range of about ___ to ____ octaves	two to three
most comfortable frequency range	Average fundamental frequency
average rate of vocal fold vibration during conversational speech is the ____ ____ ____	average fundamental frequency
longest period an individual can sustain a vowel in ONE breath	maximum phonation time
adults maximum phonation time	15-25 seconds
children maximum phonation time	at least 10 seconds
problems with sustained phonation	inadequately valving the airstream for speech
amount of pressure variation between frequencies	minimum-maximum intensity at various F0 levels
normal minimum-maximum intensity at various F- levels	20-30 dB SPL
nearly-periodic vocal fold vibration	jitter
more aperiodic vibration often results in ___ or ____ sounding voice	rough or hoarse
results from turbulent airflow generated from an obstacle that interferes with the vibration of the vocal folds	noise
In normal voice, the harmonic energy generated by the nearly periodic nature of the vibration is much ____ than the noise	higher
in normal voice, there is ____ energy at the higher frequencies	less
a spectrum that shows more energy at high frequencies is an indicator of noise	addictive noice
dysphonia is a the term used to describe ____ Voice Quality	abnormal
a voice that sounds deviant in terms of tone, pitch and/or loudness	dysphonia
acoustic characteristics depend on ____ the spectral noise occurs	where
3 common terms used to describe abnormal voice qualities	breathiness, roughness, and hoarseness
sounds aspirated	breathiness
raspy sound	roughness
combination of breathy and rough sound	hoarseness
Continuous air flow during the entire vibratory cycle	breathy
in a breathy voice, the air leakage generates a _____ noise along with the ____ tone	hissing; glottal
less sub glottal pressure builds up when the VFs do not ___ properly	close
a person with a breathy voice usually uses ___ to ____ times the normal amount of air per second	three to four
____ can be appropriate in some language	breathiness
breathiness can also be associated with ____	aging
very common symptom of most laryngeal disorders	rough or hoarse voice
can be the 1st sign of a voice problem	rough or hoarse voice
hoarseness is associated with ____ VF vibration	abnormal
hoarseness occurs when vocal folds are more ____ and do not vibrate in a periodic manner	massive
The ____ noise in a hoarse voice has increased energy in the Lower frequencies, beteewn 100-2600Hz	spectral
The Spectral noise in a hoarse voice has increased energy in the Lower frequencies, between ___-____ Hz	100-2600Hz
A combination of breathiness and roughness can occur ____	frequently
A proportion of the harmonic sound to noise in the voice measured in decibels	harmonics to noise ratio (HNR)
harmonics to noise ratio quantifies the relative amount of ____ noise in the voice signal	additive
more harmonic components than noise	higher HNR
more noise than harmonic components	lower HNR
HNR range in males	15.63-17.3
HNR range in females	15.38-19.1
HNR for children and older adults are ___ than young adults	lower
if an individual has a lower than normal HNR they are demonstrating ____ noise in the voice	additive
a lower than normal HNR is usually the result of a problem vibrating the vocal folds in a ____ ____	normal fashion
lower than normal HNR causes the vocal folds to vibrate in an ____ fashion	aperiodic
also known as laryngography or DGG	elcrtoglottography
A way of evaluating vocal fold function noninvasively	elcrtoglottography
elcrtoglottography is based on the premise that ____ is a good conductor of electricity and ___ is not	tissue; air
electrodes are placed on the sides of the ____	larynx
____ are placed on the sides of the larynx	electrodes
in electroglottogrpahy, a ___ ___ ___is generated and sent to the electrodes	high frequency current
current easily passes from one electrode to the other, less resistance	closed VF
closed VF	less air
open VF	more air
more resistance in passage of the current	open VF
This change in resistance (lowering of the amplitude) during Closed and Open phases of phonation is displayed as a waveform on a screen	Lx wave
Lx wave ____ the surface area contact of the vocal folds	reflects
electroglottography produces a record of VF vibration during ____	phonation
as vocal folds close, resistance of electric current ____ and amplitude ____	decreases; increases
as the vocal folds separate during vibration, resistance ____ and amplitude ____	increases; decreases
there is no Lx wave for _____ sounds	voiceless
____ measures the following: increases and decrease in electrical activity, time and voltage, and duty cycle of vibration	Lx
the phases of VF vibratory cycle	duty cycle of vibration
duty cycle of vibration:	begin to close, maximally closed, begin to open, and maximally open
each ____ can be associated with characteristics with Lx wave	register
standard Lx wave refers to the ____ register	modal
closing phase has a ____ slope then the opening phase	steeper
closing is ___ due to negative pressure and elasticity	quick
opening is ____ due to build up of Ps	slower
Lx wave for pulse register shows more than one ___ ___ ___	peak per cycle
for ___ the number of Lx cycles is increased	falsetto
in falsetto, the waveform looks nearly ___	sinusoidal
falsetto reflects the extreme ___ of vocal fold	tension
like falsetto but includes noise	breathiness Lx wave
turbulent, aperiodic	hoarseness Lx wave

Created by: jbrown56

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