test two
Help!
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| unpaired cartilages | cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis
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| _____ are a paired cartilage in the larynx | arytenoids
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| the extrinsic muscles of the larynx help in: | holding the larynx in place
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| ____ is an extrinsic muscle of the larynx | sternothyroid
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| intrinsic muscles of the larynx | posterior cricoarytenoid, arytenoid oblique, and lateral cricoarytenoid
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| adductors of the vocal folds | lateral cricoarytenoid, interarytenoid transversus, and interarytenoid oblique
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| only abductor of the vocal fold | posterior cricoarytenoid
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| largest part of the laryngeal skeleton | thyroid cartilage
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| muscle that opens the vocal folds | posterior cricoarytenoid
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| phonation threshold pressure | is the minimal amount of sub glottal pressure needed to set the vocal folds in motion
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| the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles is a(n) | adductor of the vocal folds
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| according to bernoulli principle, air passing through a narrow channel has: | increased velocity and decreased pressure
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| medial compression in the larynx causes: | increase in the sub glottal pressure
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| the vertical phase differences occur because of the lag between the opening and closing of the superior and the inferior edges of vocal folds | true
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| the vocal folds are opened by medial compression of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles | false
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| vocal folds that have been forced apart by air pressure, recoil back to their midline position due to their natural elasticity | true
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| voice intensity is controlled by regulating sub glottal pressure | true
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| tracheal pressure plus supraglottal pressure equals transglottal pressure | false
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| the horizontal/longitudinal phase differences occur because of the lag between the opening and closing of the superior and the inferior edges of vocal folds | false
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| myo means ____ | muscle
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| the vocal folds are mostly comprised of ____ tissue | muscle
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| the elastic suffix serves to remind us that the ____ ____ is elastic and that we have active control over its elastic properties | vocal fold
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| ____ means that the theory deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids, and with the forces active on bodies in motion such as the vocal folds | aerodynamic
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| closure of the vocal folds is mediated by ___ ____ and ____ muscles | lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid
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| the medial compression force that hold the vocal folds adducted in the ____ position | midline
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| the medial compression causes the ____ or the ___ pressure to increase to the degree that overcomes the medial compression force | subglottal; tracheal
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| once high enough, the two vocal folds are blown ____ allowing a puff of air to pass through the vocal tract, setting the air column in the vocal tract into vibration and thus creating a sound wave | outward
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| the recoiling force of the vocal folds allow them to retain their original position in the midline, so they come close to each other forming a ___ channel | narrow
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| a negative pressure is created in the column of air passing through this narrow channel as a result of ____ ____ | Bernoulli principle
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| the Bernoulli principle entails that when the air passes through a narrow channel, its velocity ______ and its pressure ____ | increases; decreases
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| as a result of this negative pressure, the vocal folds are sucked together, creating a closed airspace below the ___, with subsequent increase in the sub glottal pressure and the cycle begins again | glottis
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| opening and closing the vocal folds form one cycle of ____ of the vocal folds | vibration
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| during speech, the vocal folds vibrate ____ times/second | 100s
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| a simple rectangular block represents one ___ ___ | vocal fold
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| a ___ is useful for portraying the tissue stiffness or restoring force in the vocal fold | spring
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| vocal tract | pharynx up to the lips, oral cavity, and articulators
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| a damping constant represents the ____ (energy absorption) of the tissue | viscosity
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| bernoulli effect | d x 1/2 (v2p) = c
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| d= | density
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| v= | velocity
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| p= | pressure
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| c= | constant velocity
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| when air/fluid flow encounters a constriction, ____ must increase to get all air molecules through this constriction | velocity
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| if velocity increases, ____ must decrease | pressure
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| While the inferior end starts to ____, the superior end is still ____ | close; open
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| The ____ phase differences occurs because there is a lag between the opening and closing of the superior end and the inferior end of vocal folds (the vocal folds do not open or close as a whole) | vertical
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| the ____ phase difference occurs as a result of the lag between opening and closing of the anterior end (anterior commissure of the thyroid c.) of the VFs and the posterior end (the vocal process of the arytenoid c). | horizontal
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| vocal folds open from ___ to ___ and close from ___ to ___ | back to front; front to back
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| vocal folds ____ from back to front and ___ from front to back | open; close
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| These phase differences give the VF vibration a wave-like motion (undulating movement), which called ____ wave | mucosal
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| a unique feature of the vocal folds resulting from their layered structure. | mucosal wave
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| the results of vocal folds vibration is a periodic sound that consists of a fundamental frequency and its ______ | harmonics
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| ___ is the rate at which the vocal folds vibrate and it is perceived as the pitch of the person's voice | F0
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| length of vocal folds | increase length, decrease rate (and vice versa)
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| mass of vocal folds | greater mass, decrease rate c(and vice versa)
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| stiffness (tension) of vocal folds | greater tension increase rate (and vice versa)
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| children have VF with F0 around ____-____ Hz | 250-300
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| adult females have F0 around ____-____ Hz | 180-250
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| adult males have F0 around ____-___ Hz due to their longer and bigger mass of their vocal folds | 80-150
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| In general, the person is able to change ___ and his/her own ____ according to the purpose of the sentence, statement versus question with more stress on particular syllables | F0; pitch
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| the vocal folds set into vibration by the air passing through the ____ | glottis
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| the air flow results from what is called the driving pressure or _____ | transglottal
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| difference between the sub glottal and supraglottal | transglottal
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| subglottal | tracheal
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| ____ threshold is the minimum transglottal pressure at which the vocal fold can start to vibrate | phonation
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| phonation threshold is about __-___ cm H20 for conversational speech at normal loudness | 3-6
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| voice intensity can be changed by changing the ____ pressure and thus force applied to the medial compression | subglottic
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| increasing the subglottic pressure is associated with greater medial compression of the vocal folds and thus increasing the strength of their vibration leading to the increase in the amplitude of vibration which is perceived as ____ | loudness
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| the tension of vocal folds is also changeable during speech according to the verbal message with changing ___ | FO
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| during speech, the vocal folds continuously modify their ____ characteristics to change F0 and intensity according to the verbal message | tension
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| these changes in voice intensity affect.... | prosody (melody), intonation, mood and emotion
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| ___ is perceived as the pitch of the voice | F0
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| the ___ are perceived as the quality of the voice | harmonics
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| quality of ___ or ___ refers to how much acoustic energy in each frequency of the harmonics | voice or timbre
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| quality of voice indicates the relationship between the ___ and their ____ | frequencies; amplitude
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| human voice fluctuate in its ____ and its ____ due to the nature of the tissue and mechanics of the laryngeal system | frequency; amplitude
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| human voice is not purely ____ | periodic
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| refers to the time variability from cycle to cycle in human voice | jitter
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| jitter up to ___- __% variation is considered normal cycle variation | 0.2-1 percent
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| refers to the fluctuation in the amplitude from cycle to cycle | shimmer
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| Shimmer values less than ____ dB or less are considered normal variation in the amplitude from cycle to cycle in human voice | 0.5
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| Sources of ___ and ___ might be due to neurological, aerodynamic, biomechanics or acoustic factors | jitter and shimmer
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| ____ also can affect the fluctuation in frequency and amplitude form cycle to cycle | articulators
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| measuring ____ and ____ will help in detecting any neuromuscular dysfunction of VFs or nodule/mass in the VFs or surrounding tissues | jitter and shimmer
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| to evaluate jitter and shimmer, you must measure the ___ of each cycle | period
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| jitter and shimmer are usually calculated using a ____ ____ | computer program
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| some programs measure jitter in ____ and some use ____ | percentages; milliseconds
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| some programs measure shimmer in ____ and some use ____ | percentages; decibels
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| The slight degree of cycle-to-cycle variance in vocal fold vibration is such a natural part of voice production that too _____ jitter and shimmer usually sounds unnatural | little
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| Jitter values above this level indicate vocal folds are vibrating in a way that is not as ____ as it should be | periodic
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| something is interfering with normal vocal fold vibration | high jitter
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| jitter can be altered with ____ | practice
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| jitter can also be used as an index of ____ ____ | vocal maturation
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| children have ____ jitter than adults | higher
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| older adults have ___ jitter than young adults | higher
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| jitter and shimmer reflex the physiologic _____ of the human body | NOISE
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| Problems in neuromuscular control can result in the vocal folds vibrating in a less stable manner resulting in _____ jitter and shimmer | higher
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| vocal fold mass caused by ____ | nodules
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| vocal folds ____ in many different ways | vibrate
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| refers to a Specific range of fundamental frequencies characterized by a particular Mode of vocal fold vibration | vocal register
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| Characteristic that distinguishes the 3 registers is... | manner of vocal fold vibration
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| 3 most common registers in speech production | pulse (glottal fry), modal, and falsetto
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| range of very low F0 | pulse register
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| the pulse register is also called... | vocal fry, glottal fry, or creaky voice
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| pulse register is perceptually sounds ___ or has a ____ quality | creaky; popping
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| pulse register has a ____ spectral slope | shallow
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| pulse registers are used mainly at the ___ of sentences | end
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| pulse registers become a problem when it becomes ____ | habitual
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| During pulse register, the ___ ___ are tightly closed, but their free margins are lax, which allows the air to bubbles up between them, causing this low-frequency vibration of the VF (30-80, average=60Hz) | vocal folds
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| During pulse register, the vocal folds are tightly closed, but their free margins are ___, which allows the air to bubbles up between them, causing this low-frequency vibration of the VF (30-80, average=60Hz) | lax
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| During pulse register, the vocal folds are tightly closed, but their free margins are lax , which allows the air to bubbles up between them, causing this low-frequency vibration of the VF | 30-80, average=60Hz
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| Closing of the VFs is ____ or _____ in each vibration cycle in such a way that they open, then close but not completely to the midline, then open again and then close all the way for about 90% of the cycle | biphasic or multiphasic
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| Closing of the VFs is biphasic or multiphasic in each vibration cycle in such a way that they ____, then ____ but not completely to the midline, then open again and then close all the way for about 90% of the cycle | open; close
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| Closing of the VFs is biphasic or multiphasic in each vibration cycle in such a way that they open, then close but not completely to the midline, then open again and then close all the way for about ___% of the cycle | 90
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| refers to the zone of high frequency range of F0 | falsetto register
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| falsetto register is also known as ___ register | loft
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| During ____ register, the VFs are very long and tense and bow-shaped with very thin edges | falsetto
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| During falsetto register, the VFs are very ____ and ___ and bow-shaped with very thin edges | long and tense
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| This high tension and elongation result from the severe contraction of the _____ muscle | cricothyroid
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| Due to this high tensions, the VFs do not meet in the midline and their vibrations occur at very ____ frequency range of F0 | high
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| The vibration in case of falsetto register is less complex and is too fast, which make the quality of the voice ___-like | flute
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| The vibration in case of falsetto register is ___ complex and is too ____, which make the quality of the voice flute-like | less; fast
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| in _____ register, The vocal ligament and the body of the VFs do not fully vibrate, resulting in this less complex mode of vibration | falsetto
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| Also, because the range of F0 is too high, the spacing between the harmonics is wide, which results in ____ quality of voice | thinner
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| Also, because the range of F0 is too high, the spacing between the harmonics is ____, which results in thinner quality of voice | wide
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| In addition, due to incomplete closure of the VFs, the voice produced by falsetto register is ____ | breathy
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| ____ register is used for normal conversation speech. | modal
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| Modal register refers to the zone of ___-frequency range of F0. | mid
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| In the upper limit of the modal register, speaker can reach the _____ register; in the lower limit, speaker can reach ____ register | falsetto; pulse
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| in modal register, The VFs are shorter than their normal resting length, the cover of the VFs is ____ | flabby
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| in modal register, The vibration is ____ and the ___ of the folds are completely involved in the vibration | complex; body
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| modal register vertically, vocal folds open from ___ to ___ and close from ___ to ___ | bottom to top; bottom to top
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| modal register horizontally, vocal folds open from ___ to ___ and close from ___ to ___ | back to front; front to back
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| If a speaker primarily uses pulse or falsetto in conversational speech, they have a ___ problem and need therapy | voice
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| voice quality is determined by... | how vocal folds vibrate and shape ad configuration of vocal tract
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| how the vocal folds ____ plays an important role in shaping voice quality | vibrate
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| VF are closed too tightly, too much medial compression | hyperadduction
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| hyper adduction can be due to... | vocal abuse or neurological disease
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| it takes more ___ to overcome the resistance of the vocal fold and blow them apart | Ps
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| VF that do not close as tightly as they should | hypoadduction
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| hypo adduction can be due to vocal fold ____ | paralysis
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| hypo adduction means there is too little ____ ____ | muscle force
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| in hypoadduction, the vocal folds do not offer enough ____ to allow air to escape from between the vocal folds | resistance
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| the loss of air in hypo adduction creates a turbulence and adds to a __, ___ quality to the air | breathy, noisy
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| various words to describe voice quality | hoarse, tinny, raspy, clear, harsh
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| Perceptually, you can tell the difference between people’s voices but ___ and ____ the difference Objectively is difficult | describing and measuring
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| normal voice quality is often defined as ____ of a problem | absence
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| voice researchers, ____ and ____ identified the issues with defining a normal voice | Colton and Casper
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| there are ____ set standards | no
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| ____ comes in many varieties | voice
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| voice does not remain ____ | constant
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| voice is a ____ | continuum
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| ____ changes throughout the lifespan | voice
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| Some voice experts have begun to determine voice quality by examining the actual function of the ____ | larynx
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| Zemlin has defined __ specifiable parameters of voice Production that contribute to a Normal, Clear, Vocal Quality | 6
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| ____ has defined 6 specifiable parameters of voice Production that contribute to a Normal, Clear, Vocal Quality | Zemlin
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| the flexibility of pitch during conversational speech | maximum frequency range
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| adults have frequency range of about ___ to ____ octaves | two to three
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| most comfortable frequency range | Average fundamental frequency
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| average rate of vocal fold vibration during conversational speech is the ____ ____ ____ | average fundamental frequency
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| longest period an individual can sustain a vowel in ONE breath | maximum phonation time
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| adults maximum phonation time | 15-25 seconds
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| children maximum phonation time | at least 10 seconds
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| problems with sustained phonation | inadequately valving the airstream for speech
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| amount of pressure variation between frequencies | minimum-maximum intensity at various F0 levels
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| normal minimum-maximum intensity at various F- levels | 20-30 dB SPL
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| nearly-periodic vocal fold vibration | jitter
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| more aperiodic vibration often results in ___ or ____ sounding voice | rough or hoarse
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| results from turbulent airflow generated from an obstacle that interferes with the vibration of the vocal folds | noise
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| In normal voice, the harmonic energy generated by the nearly periodic nature of the vibration is much ____ than the noise | higher
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| in normal voice, there is ____ energy at the higher frequencies | less
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| a spectrum that shows more energy at high frequencies is an indicator of noise | addictive noice
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| dysphonia is a the term used to describe ____ Voice Quality | abnormal
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| a voice that sounds deviant in terms of tone, pitch and/or loudness | dysphonia
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| acoustic characteristics depend on ____ the spectral noise occurs | where
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| 3 common terms used to describe abnormal voice qualities | breathiness, roughness, and hoarseness
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| sounds aspirated | breathiness
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| raspy sound | roughness
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| combination of breathy and rough sound | hoarseness
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| Continuous air flow during the entire vibratory cycle | breathy
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| in a breathy voice, the air leakage generates a _____ noise along with the ____ tone | hissing; glottal
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| less sub glottal pressure builds up when the VFs do not ___ properly | close
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| a person with a breathy voice usually uses ___ to ____ times the normal amount of air per second | three to four
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| ____ can be appropriate in some language | breathiness
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| breathiness can also be associated with ____ | aging
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| very common symptom of most laryngeal disorders | rough or hoarse voice
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| can be the 1st sign of a voice problem | rough or hoarse voice
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| hoarseness is associated with ____ VF vibration | abnormal
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| hoarseness occurs when vocal folds are more ____ and do not vibrate in a periodic manner | massive
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| The ____ noise in a hoarse voice has increased energy in the Lower frequencies, beteewn 100-2600Hz | spectral
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| The Spectral noise in a hoarse voice has increased energy in the Lower frequencies, between ___-____ Hz | 100-2600Hz
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| A combination of breathiness and roughness can occur ____ | frequently
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| A proportion of the harmonic sound to noise in the voice measured in decibels | harmonics to noise ratio (HNR)
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| harmonics to noise ratio quantifies the relative amount of ____ noise in the voice signal | additive
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| more harmonic components than noise | higher HNR
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| more noise than harmonic components | lower HNR
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| HNR range in males | 15.63-17.3
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| HNR range in females | 15.38-19.1
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| HNR for children and older adults are ___ than young adults | lower
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| if an individual has a lower than normal HNR they are demonstrating ____ noise in the voice | additive
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| a lower than normal HNR is usually the result of a problem vibrating the vocal folds in a ____ ____ | normal fashion
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| lower than normal HNR causes the vocal folds to vibrate in an ____ fashion | aperiodic
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| also known as laryngography or DGG | elcrtoglottography
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| A way of evaluating vocal fold function noninvasively | elcrtoglottography
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| elcrtoglottography is based on the premise that ____ is a good conductor of electricity and ___ is not | tissue; air
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| electrodes are placed on the sides of the ____ | larynx
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| ____ are placed on the sides of the larynx | electrodes
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| in electroglottogrpahy, a ___ ___ ___is generated and sent to the electrodes | high frequency current
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| current easily passes from one electrode to the other, less resistance | closed VF
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| closed VF | less air
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| open VF | more air
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| more resistance in passage of the current | open VF
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| This change in resistance (lowering of the amplitude) during Closed and Open phases of phonation is displayed as a waveform on a screen | Lx wave
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| Lx wave ____ the surface area contact of the vocal folds | reflects
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| electroglottography produces a record of VF vibration during ____ | phonation
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| as vocal folds close, resistance of electric current ____ and amplitude ____ | decreases; increases
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| as the vocal folds separate during vibration, resistance ____ and amplitude ____ | increases; decreases
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| there is no Lx wave for _____ sounds | voiceless
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| ____ measures the following: increases and decrease in electrical activity, time and voltage, and duty cycle of vibration | Lx
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| the phases of VF vibratory cycle | duty cycle of vibration
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| duty cycle of vibration: | begin to close, maximally closed, begin to open, and maximally open
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| each ____ can be associated with characteristics with Lx wave | register
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| standard Lx wave refers to the ____ register | modal
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| closing phase has a ____ slope then the opening phase | steeper
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| closing is ___ due to negative pressure and elasticity | quick
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| opening is ____ due to build up of Ps | slower
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| Lx wave for pulse register shows more than one ___ ___ ___ | peak per cycle
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| for ___ the number of Lx cycles is increased | falsetto
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| in falsetto, the waveform looks nearly ___ | sinusoidal
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| falsetto reflects the extreme ___ of vocal fold | tension
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| like falsetto but includes noise | breathiness Lx wave
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| turbulent, aperiodic | hoarseness Lx wave
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
jbrown56