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1400 Therapy
Psychological Therapies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychotherapy | An emotionally charged confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties. |
| Biomedical therapy | Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system. |
| Eclectic approach | An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. |
| Psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud’s therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. |
| Resistance | In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. |
| Interpretation | In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. |
| Transference | In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). |
| Client-centered therapy | A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy) |
| Active listening | Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy. |
| Behavior therapy | Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. |
| Counterconditioning | A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning. |
| Exposure therapies | Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid. |
| Systematic desensitization | A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. |
| Virtual reality exposure therapy | An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. |
| Aversive conditioning | A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). |
| Token economy | An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. |
| Cognitive therapy | Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. |
| Cognitive-behavior therapy | A popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). |
| Family therapy | Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication. |
| Regression toward the mean | The tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average. |
| Meta-analysis | A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. |
| Psychopharmacology | The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. |
| Tardive dyskinesia | Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors. |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. |
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) | The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. |
| Psychosurgery | Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. |
| Lobotomy | A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. |
| Insight therapies | Psychotherapies in which the therapist helps patients/clients understand (gain insight into) their problems. |
| Talk therapies | Psychotherapies that focus on communicating and verbalizing emotions and motives to understand their problems. |
| Neo-Freudian psychodynamic therapies | Therapies for mental disorder that were developed by psychodynamic theorists who embraced some of Freud’s ideas by disagreed with others. |
| Humanistic therapies | Treatment techniques based on the assumption that people have a tendency for positive growth and self-actualization, which may be blocked by an unhealthy environment that can include negative self-evaluation and criticism from others. |
| Reflection of feeling | Carl Rogers’s technique of paraphrasing the clients’ words, attempting to capture the emotional tone expressed. |
| Group therapy | Any form of psychotherapy done with more than one client/patient at a time. Group therapy is often done from a humanistic perspective. |
| Self-help support groups | Groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing with common problems. Such groups are typically organized and run by laypersons, rather than professional therapists. |
| Behavior modification | Another term for behavior therapy. |
| Contingency management | An operant conditioning approach to changing behavior by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior. |
| Participant modeling | A social-learning technique in which a therapist demonstrates and encourages a client to imitate a desired behavior. |
| Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) | Albert Ellis’s brand of cognitive therapy, based on the idea that irrational thoughts and behaviors are the cause of mental disorders. |
| Antipsychotic drugs | Medicines that diminish psychotic symptoms, usually by their effect on the dopamine pathways in the brain. |
| Antidepressant drugs | Medicines that affect depression, usually by their effect on the serotonin and/or norepinephrine pathways in the brain. |
| Lithium carbonate | A simple chemical compound that is highly effective in dampening the extreme mood swings of bipolar disorder. |
| Antianxiety drugs | A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety. |
| Stimulants | Drugs that normally increase activity by encouraging communication among neurons in the brain. Stimulants, however, have been found to suppress activity level in persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A common problem in children who have difficulty controlling their behavior and focusing their attention. |
| Therapeutic community | Jones’s term for a program of treating mental disorder by making the institutional environment supportive and humane for patients. |
| Deinstitutionalization | The policy of removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals. |
| Community mental health movement | An effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to provide therapy from outpatient clinics. Proponents of community mental health envisioned that recovering patients could live with their families, in foster homes, or in group homes. |
| Free association | A technique sometimes used by psychoanalysts to uncover unconscious conflicts. Involves saying whatever comes to mind without thinking. |
| Dream analysis | A technique sometimes used by psychoanalysts to uncover unconscious conflicts. Psychoanalysts ask their patients to describe their dreams. |
| Manifest content | A term used by psychoanalysts when using dream analysis in order to uncover unconscious conflicts. What a patient reports about a dream. The latent content of the dream is revealed only as a result of the therapist’s interpretive work. |
| Latent content | A term used by psychoanalysts when using dream analysis in order to uncover unconscious conflicts. Revealed only as a result of the therapist’s interpretive work. |
| Resistance | A term used by psychoanalysts to describe a patient disagreeing with his or her therapist’s interpretations. |
| Somatic treatments | Medical treatments for psychological disorders, including drug treatments (psychopharmacology), psychosurgery, and electroconvulsive shock therapy. Based on the biomedical model of psychological disorders. |
| Carl Rogers (1902-1987) | Rogers created client-centered therapy, also known as person-centered therapy. This therapeutic method hinges on the therapist providing the client with what Rogers termed unconditional positive regard. |
| Unconditional positive regard | Important element of client-centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers. Blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does. |
| Gestalt therapy | Developed by Fritz Perls. Gestalt psychologists emphasize the importance of the whole and encourage their clients to get in touch with their whole selves. |
| Existential therapies | Humanistic therapies that focus on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives. Existential therapists see clients’ difficulties as caused by the clients having lost or failed to develop a sense of their lives’ purpose. |
| Anxiety hierarchy | Part of the process of systematic desensitization. The therapist and client work together to construct an anxiety hierarchy, a rank-ordered list of what the client fears, starting with the least frightening and ending with the most frightening. |
| Flooding | A type of behavioral therapy. Unlike the gradual process of systematic desensitization, flooding involves having the client address the most frightening scenario first. |
| Attributional style | Cognitive therapies sometimes involve challenging unhealthy attributional styles. An example of an unhealthy attributional style is attributing failures to internal, global, and permanent aspects of the self. |
| Somatic therapies | Therapies that produce bodily changes. Psychologists with a biomedical orientation see the cause of psychological disorders as being organic and advocate the use of somatic therapies. |
| Psychiatrists | A kind of therapist. Psychiatrists are medical doctors and are therefore the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication in most U.S. states. |
| Clinical psychologists | A kind of therapist. Clinical psychologists hold doctoral degrees (PhDs) that require four or more years of study. They then work in an internship overseen by a more experienced professional. |
| Counseling psychologists | A kind of therapist. Counseling psychologists have graduate degrees in psychology. They have generally undergone less training and deal with less severe problems than clinical psychologists do. |
| Psychoanalysts | A kind of therapist. Psychoanalysts are people specifically trained in Freudian methods. They may or may not hold medical degrees. |
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mrcronk
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