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1400 Disorders
Psychological Disorders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychological disorder | Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns. |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. |
| DSM-IV | The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated “text revision” (DSM-IV-TR) |
| Anxiety disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. |
| Panic disorder | An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. |
| Phobia | An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. |
| Dissociative disorders | Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. |
| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) | A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder. |
| Mood disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. |
| Major depressive disorder | A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. |
| Mania | A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. |
| Bipolar disorder | A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. |
| Schizophrenia | A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. |
| Delusions | False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. |
| Personality disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. |
| Antisocial personality disorder | A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. |
| Psychopathology | Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals. |
| Hallucinations | False sensory experiences that may suggest mental disorder. Hallucinations can have other causes, such as drugs or sensory isolation. |
| Affect | A term referring to emotion or mood. |
| Medical model | The view that mental disorders are diseases that, like ordinary physical diseases, have objective physical causes and require specific treatments. |
| Social-cognitive-behavioral approach | A psychological alternative to the medical model that views psychological disorder through a combination of the social, cognitive, and behavioral perspectives. |
| Neurosis | Before the DSM-IV, this term was used as a label for subjective distress or self-defeating behavior that did not show signs of brain abnormalities or grossly irrational thinking. |
| Psychosis | A disorder involving profound disturbances in perception, rational thinking, or affect. |
| Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | Technically Seasonal pattern specifier, this DSM-IV course specifier for mood disorders is believed to be a form of depression caused by deprivation of sunlight. The term “Course Specifier” is used to describe how a disorder progresses. |
| Agoraphobia | A fear of public places and open spaces, commonly accompanying panic disorder. |
| Preparedness hypothesis | The notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors. |
| Somatoform disorders | Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints, such as weakness or excessive worry about disease. The somatoform disorders include conversion disorder and hypochondriasis. |
| Conversion disorder | A type of somatoform disorder, marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation but with no discernible physical cause. |
| Hypochondriasis | A somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease; also called hypochondria. |
| Dissociative disorders | A group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality, in which some parts of the personality have become detached, or dissociated, from other parts. |
| Dissociative amnesia | A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information, such as one’s identity or residence. |
| Dissociative fugue | Essentially the same as dissociative amnesia, but with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job. Fugue means “flight.” |
| Depersonalization disorder | An abnormality involving the sensation that mind and body have separated, as in an “out-of-body” experience. |
| Anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder that involves persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health and stems from emotional or psychological reasons rather than from organic causes. |
| Bulimia nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by “purges” induced by vomiting or laxatives; typically initiated as a weight-control measure. |
| Diathesis-stress hypothesis | In reference to schizophrenia, the proposal that says that genetic factors place the individual at risk while environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder. |
| Narcissistic personality disorder | Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success or power, and a need for constant attention or admiration. |
| Borderline personality disorder | An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior. |
| Autism | A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind. |
| Dyslexia | A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder. |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period. |
| Insanity | A legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to conform his or her behavior to the law. |
| Social phobia | Fear of a situation in which one could embarrass oneself in public, such as when eating in a restaurant or giving a lecture. |
| Psychogenic amnesia | Condition wherein a person cannot remember things but no physiological basis for the disruption in memory can be identified. |
| Learned helplessness | Occurs when one’s prior experiences have caused a person to view himself or herself as unable to control aspects of the future that are controllable. This belief, then, may result in passivity and depression. |
| Delusions of persecution | Belief that people are out to get you. |
| Delusions of grandeur | Belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do. |
| Disorganized schizophrenia | Evidence some odd uses of language. They may make up their own words (neologisms) or string together series of nonsense words that rhyme (clang associations). They often evidence inappropriate affect. |
| Paranoid schizophrenia | The key symptom is delusions of persecution. For example, a man suffering from delusions of persecution would believe that others are trying to hurt him or are out to get him. |
| Catatonic Schizophrenia | People may engage in odd movements. They may remain motionless in strange postures for hours at a time, move jerkily and quickly for no apparent reason, or alternate between the two. When motionless, they may evidence waxy flexibility. |
| Waxy flexibility | When sufferers of catatonic schizophrenia allow their bodies to be moved into any alternative shape and will then hold that new pose. |
| Undifferentiated schizophrenia | Exhibit disordered thinking but no symptoms of one of the other types of schizophrenia. |
| Dopamine hypothesis | States that high levels of dopamine seem to be associated with schizophrenia. |
| Tardive dyskinesia | Muscle tremors and stiffness caused by extensive use of anti-psychotic drugs. |
| Dependent personality disorder | Sufferers rely too much on the attention and help of others. |
| Paranoid personality disorder | Sufferers feel constantly persecuted. |
| Histrionic personality disorder | Sufferers exhibit overly dramatic behavior (histrionics) |
| Rosenhan study | In 1978, David Rosenhan conducted a study in which he and a number of associates sought admission to a number of mental hospitals. All claimed that they had been hearing voices; that was the sole symptom they reported. |
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mrcronk
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