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Psych332
Chapter 6 Important Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| quantitative research | measuring variables to obtain scores, usually numerical, that are statistically analyzed for summary and interpretation |
| qualitative research | based on making observations that are summarized and interpreted in a narrative report |
| research strategy | a general approach to research determined by the kind of question that the research study hopes to answer |
| validity | the degree to which the study answers the question it was intended to answer |
| threat to validity | any component of a research study that introduces questions or raises doubts about the quality of the research process or the accuracy of the research results |
| threat to external validity | characteristic of a study that limits the ability to generalize results from a research study |
| internal validity | when a research study produces a single, unambiguous explanation for the relationship between two variables |
| threat to internal validity | any factor in a research study that allows for an alternative explanation |
| extraneous variable | any variable in a research study other than the one being studied |
| confounding variable | extraneous variable that changes systematically with the two variables being studied |
| assignment bias | occurs when the process used to assign different participants to different treatments produces groups of individuals with noticeably different characteristics |
| history | threat to internal validity; outside events that influences the participants scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment |
| maturation | when a group of individuals is being tested in a series of treatment conditions, these are the physiological or psychological changes that occur and influence the participant's score |
| instrumentation, instrumental bias, instrumental decay | changes in the measuring instrument that occur during a research study |
| testing effects, order effects | when the experience of being tested in one treatment condition has an influence on the participants scores in a later treatment condition |
| statistical regression, regression toward the mean | mathematical phenomenon in which extreme scores tend to be less extreme on the second measurement |
| research design | general plan for implementing a research strategy; specifies whether study will involve groups or individual participants, comparisons between groups or within a groups, and how many variables will be included in the study |
| research procedure | an exact, step by step description of a specific research study |
| descriptive research strategy | concerned not with relationships between variables, but rather with the description of individual variables |
| non-experimental research strategy | demonstrates relationship between variables, but does not attempt to explain them |
| chi square test | compare proportions, nonnumerical classifications |
| t-tests and ANOVA | used to evaluate mean differences |
| selection bias | when the sampling procedure favors the selection of some individuals over others |
| novelty effect | individuals may respond differently than if they were in the real world |
| carry over effects | people in studies may use experience from previous tests to improve scores in later tests |
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