Appeal to Authority or Religion

A reference to literature or history / adds credibility, or ethos, to the argument or speaker. When Socrates alludes to Homer, he embraces the intellectual history of ancient Greece.

Pedantry is the overuse of knowledge. The theory is that by dazzling the audience with learning, the speaker will impress them so much that they will accept his argument, even if it really makes no sense.

An extended comparison, where an entire story serves as an extended metaphor. It's easier to understand a comparison then to know the direct issue.

This is a miniature instance of an allegory; an analogy provides an alternative way of referencing a more abstract or complex idea.

When the truth hurts, this device allows us to sugar coat our language.

Related to euphemism, circumlocution (or periphrasis) is suggested by its name, which means to talk around something. Rather than come right out and stating a difficult point, the writer uses other words, often confusingly so, to say the same thing.

These are questions for which the answer is already known, but they are effective in leading the listener/student to an important point or in stirring emotions. The questioner does not expect a reply, since the answer is obvious.

Drawing an inference is making a conclusion based upon what you already know. The rest of the items in this list are mostly systems for drawing inferences.

4 basics of a logical argument

Examples/anecdotes/facts/evidence

A syllogism has three parts: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. The basic format looks like this: if a=b and b=c, then a=c.

The body of evidence allows us to prove a specific point, using a systematic and valid approach to the evidence (like syllogistic thinking, above). If the premises are correct, then the conclusion must be correct.

Because we have certain experiences, we draw general conclusions from those experiences. This is a dangerous system, because the conclusion is never certain; however, it is the only way that we can arrive at some knowledge.

Concession/Refutation

A concession is when we acknowledge the other side; the refutation is proving your point in response. The concession acknowledges our sensitivity to the opposition, and the refutation shows why our argument is superior anyway.

Paradox covers many kinds of situations in which there is an apparent (or real) contradiction in which two opposite ideas both seem to be true.

a form of paradox in words only. There is no real paradox--it is just a contradiction in terms put together to create an effect upon the audience.

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Rhetorical Strategy

Rhetorical strategies quiz

Term	Definition
Ethos	Appeal to Authority or Religion
Allusion	A reference to literature or history / adds credibility, or ethos, to the argument or speaker. When Socrates alludes to Homer, he embraces the intellectual history of ancient Greece.
Pedantry	Pedantry is the overuse of knowledge. The theory is that by dazzling the audience with learning, the speaker will impress them so much that they will accept his argument, even if it really makes no sense.
Pathos	Appeal to Emotion
Allegory	An extended comparison, where an entire story serves as an extended metaphor. It's easier to understand a comparison then to know the direct issue.
Analogy/comparison	This is a miniature instance of an allegory; an analogy provides an alternative way of referencing a more abstract or complex idea.
Euphemism	When the truth hurts, this device allows us to sugar coat our language.
Circumlocution	Related to euphemism, circumlocution (or periphrasis) is suggested by its name, which means to talk around something. Rather than come right out and stating a difficult point, the writer uses other words, often confusingly so, to say the same thing.
Rhetorical Questions	These are questions for which the answer is already known, but they are effective in leading the listener/student to an important point or in stirring emotions. The questioner does not expect a reply, since the answer is obvious.
Logos	Logic
Inferential Thinking	Drawing an inference is making a conclusion based upon what you already know. The rest of the items in this list are mostly systems for drawing inferences.
4 basics of a logical argument	Examples/anecdotes/facts/evidence
Syllogism	A syllogism has three parts: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. The basic format looks like this: if a=b and b=c, then a=c.
Deductive Reasoning	The body of evidence allows us to prove a specific point, using a systematic and valid approach to the evidence (like syllogistic thinking, above). If the premises are correct, then the conclusion must be correct.
Inductive Reasoning	Because we have certain experiences, we draw general conclusions from those experiences. This is a dangerous system, because the conclusion is never certain; however, it is the only way that we can arrive at some knowledge.
Concession/Refutation	A concession is when we acknowledge the other side; the refutation is proving your point in response. The concession acknowledges our sensitivity to the opposition, and the refutation shows why our argument is superior anyway.
Paradox	Paradox covers many kinds of situations in which there is an apparent (or real) contradiction in which two opposite ideas both seem to be true.
oxymoron	a form of paradox in words only. There is no real paradox--it is just a contradiction in terms put together to create an effect upon the audience.

Created by: camzy1231

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