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Learning_psych9
learning for ap psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| classical conditioning | a form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus |
| acquisition | the initial learning stage in classical conditioning during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus |
| extinction | the weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay |
| stimulus generalization | the extension of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus |
| stimulus discrimination | a change in responses to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similiar |
| aversive stimuli | unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior through punishment |
| experimental neurosis | a pattern of erratic behavior resulting from demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli |
| taste aversion learning | a biological tendency in which an organism learns after a single experience |
| operant conditioning | when the consequences of behavior such as rewards or punishments influence the chance that the behavior will occur again |
| Pavlov= | classical conditioning |
| Skinner= | operant conditioning |
| law of effect | the idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned or stamped into the organism |
| reinforcer | a condition either the presentation or removal of a stimulus that occurs after a response that strengthens that response |
| positive reinforcement | a stimulus presented after a response and increasing the probability of that response happening again |
| reinforcement contingencies | relationships between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow the response |
| continuous reinforcement | a type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced |
| shaping | new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response |
| intermittent/partial reinforcement | some but not all correct responses are rewarded |
| ratio schedule | a program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses |
| interval schedule | a program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement |
| fixed ratio | reinforcement is contingent on an unvarying number of responses |
| variable ratio | number of responses required for a reinforcement varies from trial to trial |
| fixed interval | reinforcement is contingent on fixed time period |
| variable interval | time period between reinforcement vary from trial to trial |
| primary reinforcers | innate reinforcers |
| secondary/conditioned reinforcers | stimuli that gain reinforcing power by a learned association with a primary reinforcer |
| token economy | individuals are rewarded with tokens that act as secondary reinforcers |
| Premack principle | the concept that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforcers a less-preferred activity |
| punishment | an aversion stimulus which diminishes the strength of the response |
| positive punishment | APPLICATION of an aversive stimulus after a response |
| negative punishment | REMOVAL of an appetitive stimulus after a response/ removal of a reinforcer |
| negative reinforcement and punishment are | each other in reverse |
| 1 reason punishment doesn't work | 1. power of punishment to suppress behavior usually disappears when the threat of punishment is removed |
| 1 reason punishment doesn't work | 2. punishment triggers escape or aggression |
| 1 reason punishment doesn't work | 4. punishment is often applied unequally |
| 1 reason punishment doesn't work | 3. punishment makes the learner apprehensive which inhibits learning new and better responses |
| the most effective punishment is usually _____________ rather than addition of pain. | negative punishment (loss of privleges |
| punishment should be (6) | swift, certain, limited in length and intensity, target behavior, and not give mixed messages |
| 1 big differences between classical and operant conditioning | classical- stimulus comes before response operant-stimulus comes after response |
| rewards in operant conditioning reward new behaviors whereas_________ | in classical conditioning same responses but to new stimuli |
| extinction(operant) | no reinforcers |
| extinction (classical) | take away unconditioned response |
| In classical conditioning the learner is | passive. responses are involuntary |
| in operant conditioning the learner is | active. responses are voluntary |
| insight learning | a form of cognitive learning in which problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perceptions |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of physical space |
| latent learning | a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned |
| tolman= | rats (cognitive maps) |
| kohler= | chimps |
| John Garcia and Koelling studied_____________. | conditioned food aversion in rats |
Created by:
chocoholic810
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