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PSY 220 Ch 1
Introduction to Scientific Research
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The 5 methods of acquiring knowledge | Intuition, authority, rationalism, empiricism, and tenacity. |
| An approach to acquiring knowledge that is based on known reasoning process. "A gut feeling." | Intuition |
| A basis for acceptance of information because it is acquired from a respected source. | Authority |
| Acquiring knowledge through reason. | Rationalism |
| Acquiring knowledge through experience. | Empiricism |
| Most trustworthy way of acquiring knowledge that is reliable and valid in the natural world. | Science |
| Specific to general ideas | Induction |
| General to specific ideas | Deduction |
| Testing a predicted relationship or hypothesis by making observations and comparing observed facts. | Hypothesis testing |
| Focused on verifying hypothesis as a key criterion of science. Who and what kind of reasoning? AKA | Logical positivism; Vienna Circle; Inductive; Logic of Discovery |
| Approach to science that focuses on falsifying a hypothesis. Theory testing part of scienctific process. Who and what kind of reasoning? AKA | Falsification; Popper; deductive; Logic of Justification |
| Hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation of other assumptions | Duhem-Quine Principle |
| Popular in behavioral science; science should justify its practices according to how well they work rather than to philosophical (rational) arguments. | Naturalism |
| Present when theory and hypothesis closely fit empirical evidence. | Empirical adequacy |
| A period in which science is governed by a single paradigm. Paradigm will be replaced and turned into revolutionary science. Who? AKA | Normal Science; Khun's paradigms |
| Framework of thoughts or belief in which reality is interpreted. | Paradigm |
| Another period in which after mature/normal science abnormalities or criticisms will cause one paradigm to be replaced. | Revolutionary Science |
| Another term for paradigm. In this theory, paradigms are not replaced but expanded. "Mechanistic" reactive paradigm vs. "organismic" active. | Research program; Lakato's term for paradigm |
| A thought that science should have no structure and an anything goes attitude. | Feyerabend's anarchistic theory of science |
| The belief that mental processes and behaviors are fully caused by prior natural factors. | Determinism |
| Weaker form of determinism indicates that regularities usually occur. | Probabilistic causes |
| The assumption that our senses are reality. | Reality in nature |
| The assumption that it is possible to discover the regularities that exist in nature. | Discoverability |
| Elimination of the influence of extraneous variables. | Control |
| Improvements due to participant's expectations for improvement rather than the actual treatment. | Placebo effect |
| Representing constructs by a specific set of operations. | Operationalism |
| Reproductions of the results of a study in a new study. | Replication |
| Using multiple measures to represent a construct. | Multiple Operationalism |
| Another term for operational definition. Who? | Operationalization; Campbell |
| Defining a concept by the operations used to represent or measure it. | Operational Definition |
| A quantitative technique for describing the relationship between variables across multiple research studies. Involves statistics. | Meta-analysis |
| An explanation of how and why something operates. | Theory |
| Portrayals of a situation or phenonmenon | Description |
| Determination of the causes of a given phenomenon. | Explanation |
| Ability to anticipate occurrence of an event. | Prediction |
| What are the 3 definitions of control? | 1. Comparison group. 2 Elimination of the influence of extraneous variables. 3. Manipulation of antecedent conditions to produce a change in mental process and behavior. |
| Set of beliefs or practices that are not scientific but claim to be scientific. | Pseudoscience |
| How has the methods of science changed over the centuries and describe each of the methods of science that your book identified | Tenacity- To be exposed Intuition- To feel Authority- To listen Rationalism- To think Empiricism- To experiment |
| What is the difference between induction and deduction? | Induction are ideas that go from specific to general. (Go in to something big) Deduction are general to specific ideas. (Smaller to smaller) |
| What is the difference between logical positivism and falsification? | Logical positivism is atempting to test a theory in hopes that it will be true. Verifying the hypothesis. Falsification is attempting to refute the hypothesis. Keeping in mind the Duhem-Quine principle that any reason besides yours may exist. |
| What is a paradigm? | A way something is. The framework with beliefs and ideas to which reality is interpreted. |
| What is the role of a paradigm in normal and revolutionary science? | In normal science a single paradigm exists. In revolutionary science that paradigm is replaced. This is the Khun's paradigm theory. |
| Describe the basic assumptions underlying science. | Uniformity- (determinism & probabilistic causes)Always occur (sun rise)/not always occur (rain) Reality- Our senses are real Discoverability- possible to study nature |
| List and describe the characteristics of scientific research. | Control- Must have a control group. IV and DV Operationalism- Must have a specific structiure and specific definition to measurements Replication- Data must be able to be duplicated |
| What purpose does operationalism serve in psychological research? | So that researchers can effectively publish their results. Communication with maximum precision and minimal ambiguity. |
| What is the role of theory in the scientific process and define theory. | Logic of Discovery- Logic of Justification- |
| Describe each of the objectives of psychological research. | Describe- What is the phenomenon. Explain- Why and what causes it. Predict- Understanding the phenomenon and seeing if it will occur again. Control- Manipulating conditions for phenomenon |
| What are characteristics of pseudoscience and why is it a problem? | -Using hypothesis to refute criticism -Reinterpreting negative findings to support claim -No self correcting through several tests -Reverse burden of proof: Prove me wrong! -Reliance on testimonials -Obscurantist language -Not related to other scien |
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nga
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