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Cloning Research
Source and Fact cards
| Term | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| "Organizations such as Concerned Women of America, the Family Research Council, and the Traditional Values Coalition oppose cloning because they believe that cloning results in the creation of a human being." | Page 10 Ownership | . |
| "Clones are no different from children created sexually. In fact because cloning gives infertile couples the opportunity to have biologically related children, clones are more likely to be loved than many children created by sexual reproduction." | Page 17 Education | . |
| "if cloning is just a new form of human reproduction, then it is Constitutionally protected from interference by the state." | Page 19 American National Identity | . |
| "The baby clone would grow up having its own unique experiences and would therefore never be an exact duplicate." | Page 19 Communal/Environmental | . |
| "The U.S. Constitution strongly implies that once a human fetus is outside the womb and alive, he has rights." | Page 20 American National Identity | . |
| The Catholic Church believes "it is immoral to produce human embryos destined to be exploited as disposable 'biological material.'" | Page 25 Communal/Environmental | . |
| "The US and the Vatican want a global ban on both therapeutic and reproductive cloning, while others want to ban only reproductive cloning. The UN appears weak and divided on the issue." | Page 29 Globalization | . |
| The famous Nuremberg code of ethic states:"No experiment should be conducted where there is a prior reason to believe that a death or disabling injury will occur." | Page 30-31 Communal/Environmental | . |
| Judging from the biology from animal clones, any fetus produced is likely to be abnormal and fail to develop to term." | Page 32 Education | . |
| "We have lent our support to an organisation called the Genetics Policy Institute (GPI)." | Page 29 Ownership | . |
| "Nearly all countries agree that reproductive cloning should be banned. As of July 2004, only 30 of 191 states recognized by the UN have outlawed it." | Page 29 Globalization | . |
| "The United States has not yet passes a law banning reproductive cloning but several states have done so." | Page 29 American National Idenity | . |
| "The most common method of cloning is known as Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer." | Education new | . |
| This method requires a somatic cell (any cell that contains the DNA of the organism it came from) and a donor egg cell. | Education | . |
| A pipette is used to remove the nucleus from the egg cell. Then, the somatic cell's nucleus is transferred to the "e-nucleated egg cell." | Education | . |
| The egg is then stimulated to activate and start dividing as it would. | Education | . |
| The embryo will be transferred into the surrogate mother and continue developing. | Education | . |
| "Cloning contributes to the decline in Genetic Diversity." | Communal/Environmental | . |
| This method is expensive and has low rates of success. | Free Enterprise | . |
| "One purpose might be to provide an infertile couple the possibility of having a child that is biologically related to one of the individuals in the dyad." | new | . |
| "A second reason might be to 'replicate' or 'bring back' a loved one who died." | . | |
| "A third rationale might be to have a child without a genetic disease." | . | |
| "A fourth reason for human cloning would be to provide a transplant organ or tissue for a sick or dying person." | . | |
| "A fifth reason for cloning is eugenic purposes. Here the intent would be to reproduce an extremely gifted, talented, or intelligent human being." | . | |
| "In the case of Dolly, [Ian] Wilmut needed 277 attempts. Only 29 resulted in embryos that survived more than six days. These led to thirteen pregnancies. All miscarried, some with malformations, except Dolly." | . | |
| "In the end Dolly developed serious physiological problems and had to be euthanized. It is generally believed that with humans the results would be even more formidable." | . | |
| "Some researchers seem determined to be the first to clone a live human being—a drive that has led to fraudulent claims and laying aside ethical concerns." | . | |
| "A final rationale could be scientific knowledge." | . | |
| "God designed that humans come into the world out of the most loving, one-flesh intimacy possible—sexual intercourse of a husband and wife." | . | |
| "Cloning is 'incompatible with the family as a place of unconditional belonging,' says Waters." | . | |
| "It undermines the unique individuality (not individualism) which is part of the imago Dei and human worth. It is not mere twinning as some advocates claim, for it is an intentional twinning in which twin sister is also mother." | . | |
| "Human cloning: The asexual production of a new human organism that is, at all stages of development, genetically virtually identical to a currently existing or previously existing human being." | new | . |
| Cloned children may experience serious problems of identity because each will be genetically virtually identical to a human being who has already lived and because the expectations for their lives may be shadowed by constant comparisons to the "original." | . | |
| "Such an attitude toward children could also contribute to increased commercialization and industrialization of human procreation." | . | |
| "They might come to be considered more like products of a designed manufacturing process than 'gifts' whom their parents are prepared to accept as they are." | . | |
| "Genetic relation to only one parent might produce special difficulties for family life." | . | |
| "Even if practiced on a small scale, it could affect the way society looks at children and set a precedent for future nontherapeutic interventions into the human genetic endowment or novel forms of control by one generation over the next." | . | |
| "Native Americans Most believe that cloning animals and humans would disrupt the balance and erode the kinship and reverence between humans and other created beings." | new | . |
| " Everyday, we become more like the 'creator', but we do not deserve/aren’t responsible enough to be." | . | |
| Hinduism says that if its done with divine intent, it will benefit, but if it's done for the wrong reasons, it will evoke negative Karma. | . | |
| Buddhism rejects the idea of individuality, and says that it doesn’t matter how children are born. Some say that it can even be used to reach enlightenment by using DNA cloning in order to obtain admiral traits." | . | |
| Islam "highly values the parent child lineage, so they object to third party assisted reproduction, as it would break down the filial relationships." | . | |
| "Judaism states that reproduction is an 'overriding duty' of the Jews, scientific research is highly valued." | . | |
| "Tabloid news papers warned of 'master races' and promised production lines of movie and sports stars." | Page 99 new | . |
| President Clinton ordered that no federal funds be spent on human cloning directed the National Bioethics Advisory to conduct a review of the issues of human cloning. | Page 99 | . |
| "This would create a massive national market for eggs and egg donors, and exploitation of women's bodies that we cannot and must not allow." | Page 113 | . |
| Korean Scientist Huang Woo-Suk cloned the first human embryo. | page 14 | . |
| "In the twentieth century, growing food by artificial cloning became a big business." | Page 16 new | . |
| Scientists assumed that as much money can be made if they find a way to clone domestic animals to produce "bigger, healthier, more valuable herds." | Page 16-17 | . |
| "Public attitudes toward the idea of cloning were mostly shaped and conditioned by the popular media." | Page 17 | . |
| "Farmers will leaf through company catalogues, choose the embryos they desire, order them by phone or the internet, and then implant the embryos in the wombs of some of their existing cows." | Page 47-48 | . |
| "Potential benefits from animal cloning is transplanting animal organs and parts including hearts, kidneys, and bone marrow, into humans." This is called xenotransplant. | Page 52 | . |
| "The recipients' bodies eventually rejected the foreign matter and the patients died." | Page 53 | . |
| "Using such drugs faithfully, those who receive transplants of human organs have about a 75 percent chance of survival." | Page 54 | . |
| "Cloning offers hope that the most seriously endangered species might be saved and the earth's rich biodiversity maintained." | Page 60 | . |
| "In theory, as long as the DNA is still intact the preserved cells of a dead or extinct animal might be cloned to produce a living duplicate of that animal." | Page 61 | . |
| "Though the cloned animal would look just like the original pet, it would not have the same memories, intelligence level, disposition, and so forth." | Page 66 | . |
| "Cloning a person would only duplicate his or her appearance and other genetic elements, not the person's personality and memories." | Page 77 | . |
| "In December 1998 a team of scientists in a lab in Seoul, South Korea, succeeded in creating such an embryo consisting of a few cells." | Page 84 | . |
| :Some scientists involved believe a main cause in such abnormalities is that the genetic reprogramming of the egg in the cloning process may be happening to fast." | Page 88 | . |
| "Cloning on a large scale would reduce biological diversity, and the entire human species could be wiped out by some new epidemic to which a genetically uniform population was susceptible." | Page 89 | . |
| "It is wrong to bring a child into the world as a means for others' ends." Parents may end up abandoning their children if they do not live up to their expectations. | Page 90 | . |
| "Human cloning may introduce some strange new twists into the family unit that might create some confusing and perhaps regrettable and decidedly unethical situations." | Page 96 | . |
| "Pope John Paul II condemned the concept of human cloning, calling it a tragic attempt by humans to imitate God's unique and special life-giving powers." | Page 97 | . |
| "Catholics, many protestants, Muslims, and Jews agreed with his moral stance on human cloning." | Page 97 | . |
| "In the wake of the announcement in 1997 of Dolly's creation, several countries banned all human cloning research, among them the U.K., Denmark, Australia, Germany, and Japan." | Page 104 | . |
| "From 277 cell fusions, 29 early embryos developed and were implanted into 13 surrogate mothers. But only one pregnancy went to full term, and the 6.6kg Finn Dorset lamb 6LLS (alias Dolly) was born after 148 days." | new | . |
| Dolly was created year 1996, by the Roslin Institute located in the United Kingdom. | . | |
| "She mated and produced normal offspring in the normal way, showing that such cloned animals can reproduce." | . | |
| Dolly lived up to six and a half suffering from "arthritis in a hind leg joint and from sheep pulmonary adenomatosis, a virus-induced lung tumour to which sheep raised indoors are prone." | . | |
| "Dolly’s chromosomes were a little shorter than those of other sheep, but in most other ways she was the same as any other sheep of her chronological age." | . | |
| "Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, rather than an embryo." | . | |
| "In vitro fertilization clinics will generally pay an egg donor $3,000 to $5,000, and Advanced Cell Technology took 71 eggs from seven women." | new | . |
| "That means costs to treat one patient could conceivably soar above $100,000." | . | |
| "The use of technology blurs the line between human reproduction and the production of commercial products." | new | . |
| "Rather than accept the uniqueness of these children, reproductive technologies allow parents to create the children that they want. Creating children to meet the desires of parents thus poses a threat to human individuality." | . | |
| "The whole reproductive process falls under the harsh light of the laboratory." | . | |
| "A natural event, which guaranteed that our offspring would be unique, irreplaceable, and not totally under our control, is being replaced by a process that insures we get the product we ordered." | . | |
| "They are unsuccessful because the newly cloned child can never fulfill the expectations for the lost child." | . | |
| "These Web sites suggest that with the help of technology, you can now design your future child, the way you might design your living room." | . | |
| "There are important ethical distinctions to be made about theme—such as the distinction between technological interventions that eliminate a disease like hemophilia and technological enhancements that produce 'designer babies.'" | . | |
| "What is truly frightening, however, is that what was once the superb surprise of birth, the wonder of a new beginning, is now being placed squarely under the control of homo faber, 'man the maker.'" | . | |
| "Rather than a miraculous, open-ended, divergent beginning, birth is being transformed into a convergent process similar to those we use to produce chickens for the grocery store or cars for the sales room." | . | |
| "What we have concocted is not a free subject, but a 'made' object—one designed according to our whim." | . | |
| "What our reproductive technologies aim to produce are not true beginnings but predetermined ends." | . | |
| "Reproductive cloning should be opposed because it has a significant potential to undermine the traditional American family." | new | . |
| "With the rise of clone single parenthood, the social sanction against bearing a child out of wedlock will be further dampened, even for natural parents." | . | |
| "And the commission probably fears that linking an attack on cloning with a defense of the traditional family will be dismissed as a covertly religious argument." | . | |
| "The omission of the single-parenting issue leaves cloning opponents vulnerable to emotionally powerful arguments made by parents who want to clone because one of them is carrying a debilitating genetic disease, or a one who want to replace a dead child." | . | |
| "Perry does not refer to the cloned egg as an embryo but as a tiny batch of cells that is created in a lab where it will be used only for medical research." | Page 12 Communal/Environmental | . |
Created by:
ipande
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