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first test 1-3
psych 80
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is science? | disciplined process of thinking using systematic observation and rational processes to create new knowledge. (rationalism & empiricism) |
| what are the factors scientists and artists share? | curiosity, creativity, skepticism, tolerance for ambiguity, systematic thinking, and hard work. |
| what is science known as? | a process of inquiry |
| why is it important to transform info into knowledge? | scientists employ systematic thinking and heavy demands on the adequacy of their info and processes they apply to that info. |
| besides science how else can you gain knowledge? | tenacity, intuition, and authority. |
| what are the common methods of gaining knowledge? | Tenacity:a willingness 2 accept ideas 4 valid knowledge despite contrary (E) &/or a lack of supporting (E) Intuition:direct acquisition of knowledge w/o intellectual effort or sensory processing Authority:acceptance of knowledge b/c from respected sour |
| what are the common methods of gaining knowledge limitations? | tenacity, intution, and authority is limited because it is asseted that an idea is true b/c ppl have always accepted it to be true, it feels true, an authority says its true. |
| science is a combination of rationalism and empiricism, what are those? | rationalism it makes sense logically. empiricism is observing it to be true |
| how many types of empiricism are their? | naive empiricism: not believing it just because you have never seen it and sophisticated empiricism: is not seeing it but still being able to test it like heat and gravity. |
| science is the best way to answer what questions? | observed events like movement of plants or behavior of kids. |
| how did science develop and what cultural factors shaped science? | artisans learned to recognize various ores and rest on orderlines belief. modern science developed with the arts, crafts, and trade |
| what are the goals of science? | describe, predict, determine causation, explain, apply |
| what is the difference between science and technology? | science is a way of thinking technology is a solution to a problem. science seeks understanding while technology uses that understanding to improve our lives |
| what are the subgoals scientist follow? | observation & description, prediction, discovering causation, explaination, and application. |
| what are the ethical principals? | understand ethical obligations, respect those obligations, carry out research in an ethical manner. |
| who is charles darwin? | one of the people who developed the theory of evolution through natural selection |
| who is wilhelm wundt? | found the first psyshology laboratory and interested in studying the structure of consciousness. (structuralism) used method of introspection: asking ppl to report on mental experiences as they perform tasks. |
| who is william james? | wrote one of the first books on psychology. early proponet of functionlism. |
| who is sigmund freud? | developed psychodynamic theory and phychoanalysis. focused on unconscious processes |
| who is john b. watson? | early proponent of behaviorism. argued that psychology should focus only on studying behavior |
| who is b. f. skinner? | developed the theory of operant conditioning.advocate for behaviorism |
| who is ivan pavlov? | discovered the principles of classical conditioning. |
| what is carl rogers? | humanistic psychologist. developed client centered therapy. |
| who is helen thompson woolley? | early female psychologist. studied sex differences and found that many persumed differences did not exist. |
| who is kenneth and mamie phipps clark? | studied the racial identity in kids. their research was cited by supreme court when it outlawed school segeration. |
| what are the basic assumptions of science? | a true physical universe exists, the universe is orderly, the principles defining the universe can be discovered, all ideas are tentative. |
| why is research ethics now a critical part of modern science? | cause almost everyones life is affected by scientific research thats why reseachers have to understand, respect, and practice there ethical obligations and for students to learn about them. |
| what are facts? | data, events you can observe |
| what are constructs? | inferred from observation |
| what is deductive thinking? | knowledge you get from your own experiences, her 4 yr old example |
| what is inductive thinking? | building your theory on data and experiments |
| what must theories have to be accepted? | they must be testable & falsifiable. and have validity, parsimony, usefulness. |
| what are models? | models represent reality they do not duplicate it. |
| what is functional theories? | about equal emphasis on inductive and deductive processes |
| what is modeling research/ phases of research? | the successive overlapping step of a research project. |
| what are the phases of research? | -idea-generating phase -problem-definition phase -procedures-desugn phase -observation phase -interpretation phase -communication phase |
| levels of constraint? | the degree of specificity control and precision |
| what is precision vs. relevance issue? | researchers should carry out there research at the highest constraint levels possible and then test the finding in natural setting. |
| what are the major sources of research questions? | personal interest and observation, theories and research or others, seeking solutions to practical problems (applied research) |
| what is heuristic influence? | occurs when theories or research findings gererate interests including disbelief or outright antagonism and suggest further research questions (darwin & freud) |
| what is systematic influence? | occurs when theories or research provide testable propositions for futher research. |
| what is the diff between applied and basic research? | applied is a direct attempt to find solutions to practical problems. basic research seeks to increase scientific understanding of nature without immediate concern for practical goals. |
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