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psych 204 u of r
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Methods of Knowing | Method of Tenacity Method of Intuition Method of Faith Method of Authority Rational Method Empirical Method |
| The Scientific Method | method of acquiring knowledge that uses casual observations to develop a hypothesis, then uses that hypothesis to make logical predictions that can be tested empirically by making systematic observations |
| The Scientific Method step 1 | Step1 observe behaviour or other phenomena |
| The Scientific Method step 2 | Step2 Form a hypothesis, a tenative answer or explanation |
| The Scientific Method step 3 | Step3 Use your hypothesis to generate a testable prediction |
| The Scientific Method step 4 | Step4 Evaluate predictions by making systematic observations |
| The Scientific Method step 5 | Step5 Use those observations to support, refute, or refine the original hypothesis |
| Hypothesis | A statement that describes or explains a relationship between or among variables based on theory |
| Theory | Statements about mechanisms underlying a particular behaviour |
| Variables | Characteristics or conditions that change that influence the relationship |
| Science vs Pseudoscience | Science is empirical, Science is public(peer reviewed), Science is Objective(not bought), Science demands replication, Science demands a testable and refutable hypothesis, science actively challenges its own theories, science is grounded in the past |
| Finding a research topic | Casual observation Practical problems vague and fleeting thoughts psychological theories reading reports of others observation counter intuitive findings popular media |
| Primary sources | First hand reports of research results written by the researcher |
| Secondary Sources | Description or summary of another researchers work. ex. journals |
| Constructs | Hypothetical attributes that help explain and predict behaviour and theory |
| Operational Definitions | A procedure for measuring and defining constructs FAILS because: 1 - they ignore important elements of a construct 2 - they include extra, irrelevant constructs |
| Face Validity | Does it look like a test of BLANK |
| Concurrent Validity | Does the new test of BLANK relate to established tests |
| Predictive Validity | Does a measure of BLANK accurately predicts behaviour |
| Construct Validity | Measure of a variable behaving the same way as the construct |
| Convergent Validity | Do two measures of a construct show a strong correlation |
| Divergent Validity | Demonstrating we are measuring one construct and not two different constructs |
| Known Group Validity | BLANK are thought to be BLANK should score high on the measure of BLANK |
| Types of Validity (7) | Face Validity Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity Construct Validity Convergent Validity Divergent Validity Known Group Validity |
| Reliability | when a measure produces identical results repeatedly |
| Types of Reliability (5) | Inter Rater Reliability Test-Retest Reliability Parallel-Forms Reliability Split Half Reliability Internal Consistency Reliability |
| Inter Rater Reliability | When two observers rate that same event and their ratings are compared |
| Test-Retest Reliability | Assessed by comparing scores from the same instrument from two measurement periods |
| Parallel-Forms Reliability | When two similar forms of the same test are given in two measurement periods |
| Split-Half Reliability | When multiple items on a measure are shown to be consistent when split in half |
| Internal Consistency | When multiple items on a measure are shown to be consistent |
| Modalities of Measurement | Refer to the mode or form of the measure |
| Self Report Measures | 1. Assume people have access to their psychological measure 2. Assume people will not lie 3. Assumes people will not be influenced by context |
| Psychological measures | -Require specialized equipment -Can be intrusive -Questionable validity |
| Physiological Measures | 1. Less susceptible to bias 2. Intrusive and expensive 3. Questionable validity |
| Behavioural Measures | 1. Less susceptible to bias 2. Strong Validity 3. Influenced by the situation |
| Research Ethiscs | Concerns the responsibility of researchers to appropriate of research studies |
| Research Ethics Impact | -Recruitment of participants -Choice of measurement techniques -Choice of participants |
| Research Ethics Board | All research studies conducted by the university, faculty, staff and students must be approved by the REB |
| CPA Ethical Principles (1) | Respect for dignity of persons -Informed consent -confidentiality and Anonymity |
| CPA Ethical Principles (2) | Responsible Caring -Researcher competence -Risk-Benefit Analysis |
| CPA Ethical Principles (3) | Integrity in relationships -Data Fraud -Publication Fraud -Deception 1. used to ensure participant naivety 2. active deception is lying to someone 3. passive deception is withholding information |
| CPA Ethical Principles (4) | Responsibility to Society -Development of society (sensitive to cultural issues) -Development of Knowledge (freedom of speech) |
| Care of Animals (3) | Reduction, Refinement, and replacement |
Created by:
davidvachon1
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