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ccctc test 4 def.
defenitions for test 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an altered state where continues administration of the drug is necessary to prevent physical and psychological withdrawal systems | dependance |
| a pattern of compulsive use characterized by overwhelming involvement with drug use and abuse | addiction |
| give 3 examples of addiction | opiates, alcohol and nicotine |
| the need for larger doses or an increase in the number of doses to achieve the desired response | tolerance |
| give an example of tolerance | chronic pain patients may need to increase pain medication to alleviate their pain |
| physiology | the science of the function of living systems |
| give an example of physiology | if you burn your finger, the nerves send a message through the spinal cord to the brain, brain then says "move finger!" |
| reduces the activity of the brain and the spinal cord, an anti-anxiety agent that depresses the activity of the cns and is used to treat anxiety and induce sleep | sedative hypnotics |
| what are some uses for sedative hypnotics | short term:(days-few weeks) for insomnia; long term:(months-yrs) can cause drug-induced abnormalities in sleep cycle (not recommended); antidotes for over doses on stimulants; used in combination with analgesics in painful situations; pre-op anesthetics. |
| side effects of sedative hypnotics | drowsiness, addiction, tolerance, dependance, respiratory/cardiac depression (with high doses) |
| examples of sedative hypnotics (benzodiazepines) | flurazepam (dalmane)schedule IV; alprazolam (xanax) schedule IV; lorazepam (ativan) schedule IV; diazepam (valium) schedule IV; temazepam (restoril) schedule IV; triazolam (halcion) schedule IV |
| examples of sedative hypnotics (barbiturates) | secobarbitol (seconal) schedule IV; amobarbitol (amytal) schedule IV; pentobarbitol (nembutal) schedule IV; primidone (mysoline) schedule IV |
| what are the main types of sedative hypnotics: | benzodiazepines, barbiturates, "Z" drugs, antihistamines |
| name 2 other sedative hypnotics not listed under a particular group name | chlora hydrate (noctec) schedule IV and alcohol |
| may block nerve response within the spinal column. this has an effect of reducing muscle tone and relieving muscle spasm and tension | skeletal muscle relaxants |
| what are some uses for skeletal muscle relaxants | relieve muscle spasms associated with muscle inflammation and injury; useful in neuromuscular disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis and Cerebral Palsy |
| side effects of skeletal muscle relaxants | drowsiness, addiction, tolerance, dependance, respiratory/cardiac depression (with high doses) |
| examples of skeletal muscle relaxants | diazepam (valium) schedule IV; cyclobenzaprine (flexeril) legend drug; methocarbamol (robaxin) legend drug; metaxalone (skelaxin) legend drug |
| control the excessive discharge of signals from the brain | anticonvulsants |
| what are some of the uses for anticonvulsants | prevent the occurance of seizures; they do not sure the disease (used in treatment of epilepsy) |
| what is epilepsy | seizures accompanied by loss or disturbance of consciousness and possibly abnormal body movements (convulsions) |
| side effects of anticonvulsants | drowsiness, slurred speech, addiction, tolerance, dependance, respiratory/cardiac depression (with high doses) |
| examples of anticonvulsants | phenobarbitol schedule IV; phenytoin (dilantin); clonazipam (klonopin) schedule IV; clorazepate (tranxene) schedule IV; pregabalin (lyrica) schedule V |
| bind to specific receptors within the brain and depress certain parts of the central nervous system to cause pain relief, respiratory depression, decreased GI mobility, and suppression of cough | narcotic analgesics |
| what are some of the used for narcotic analgesics | relief of moderate to severe pain, cough suppressants (antitussives: antitussives are often combined with expectorants to decrease viscosity of respiratory tract secretions), severe diarrhea |
| what do expectorants do | they help patients cough up phlegm |
| side effects of narcotic analgesics | drowsiness, constipation, nausea/vomiting, addiction, tolerance, physical/psychological dependance |
| what can an overdose from narcotic analgesics do to a patient | can cause respiratory depression, profound coma, and pinpoint pupils (narcotic analgesics are used to treat overdoses - Naloxone (Narcan) |
| what is the central nervous system comprised of | the central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. |
| examples of single agent narcotic analgesics | nalbuphine (nubain) CII; remifentanil (ultiva) CIV; levorphanol (levo-dromoran) CIV; propoxyphene (darvon) CIV |
| a group of non-benzodiazepines with effects similar to benzos which are used in the treatment of insomnia and whose names mostly start with the letter "z". some "z" drugs may have advantages over benzos. | "Z" drugs |
| name an antihistamine | diphenhydramine (benadryl, compoz, nytol, sominex) over the counter 25mg / legend drug 50mg |
| examples of combination product narcotic analgesics | tylenol with codeine CIII; hydrocodone (lorcet, lortab, vicodin) CIII; oxycodone with apap (percocet, roxicet) CII oxycodone with asa (percodan) CII |
| originally it was proposed that these drugs block dopamine (a chemical in the brain) receptors in the brain); chemically effects unknown | antipsychotics |
| what are some uses for antipsychotics | relieve the signs and symptoms of psychosis (e.g. schizophrenia); have a much better effect on the positive symptoms of psychosis: auditory and visual hallucinations, agitation, suspicion, feeling persecuted, ideas of reference, and unwanted thoughts |
| what is the leading cause of recurrent positive psychotic symptoms in patients who initially responded to medication | non-compliance or stopping medication |
| what are some negative symptoms of psychosis | emotional apathy, extreme inattentiveness, and social withdrawal |
| what are some other uses for antipsychotics | analgesic, anti-emetic, antinausea, and antihistaminic effects |
| what are some side effects of antipsychotics | extrapyramidal symptoms (abnormal body movements) with typical drugs; anticholinergic symptoms; orthostatic hypotension; abnormal heart rhythms |
| examples of typical (first generation) antipsychotics | haoperidol (haldol); chlorpromazine (thorazine); prochlorperazine (thorazine) |
| examples of atypical (second generation) antipsychotics | risperidone (risperdal); olanzapine (zyprexa); quetiapine (seqroquet) |
| exact mechanism unknown, appear to increase neurotransmitters in the brain(norepinehrine and serotonin), usually takes 3-6 weeks for these drugs to relieve the depression | antidepressants |
| what are some uses for anti-depressants | treatment for severe depression |
| side effects of anti-depression medications | sedation, anticholinergic, abnormal heart rhythm, seizures |
| examples of tricyclic anti-depressants (TCAs) | amytriptyline (elavil); desipramine (norpramin); imipramine (tofranil); nortriptyline (pamelor) |
| examples of serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) | fluoxetine (prozac); venlafaxine (effexor); paroxetine (paxil); setraline (zoloft); fluvoxamine (luvox); citalopram (celexa); escitalopram (lexapro) |
| examples of other miscellaneous antidepressants | trazodone (desyrel); nefazodone (serzone); bupropion (wellbutrin); lithium (eskalith, lithonate) |
| what is the disorder described as having: periods of elation, followed by periods of depression; drugs prescribed are used to monitor mood swings | manic-depressive disorder |
Created by:
kfpolchies
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