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Abnorm Psych 4
Abnormal Psych Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anxiety | the vague sense of being in danger |
| Fear | the CNS's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities; free-floating anxiety; effects more women than men |
| restlessness; easy fatigue; irritability; muscle tension; sleep disturbance; difficult concentrating; Last more than 6 months | Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and long symptoms last: |
| Sociocultural View on Generalized Anxiety Disorder | view that societal dangers, econ. stress, or related racial & cult. pressures create threatening climate in which cases of GAD are more likely to develop (poverty: run-down communities, higher crime rates/health prob. risk; fewer edu. & job opps.) |
| Psychodynamic Perspective on GAD | view that people w/ GAD overuse defense mechanisms when faced w/ threat; use free association, therapist interpretation |
| realistic anxiety, neurotic anxiety, moral anxiety; neurotic&moral | name Freud's 3 types of anxiety; which two set stage for GAD? |
| Humanistic Perspective on GAD | the view that GAD arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly; use person-centered therapy |
| Carl Rogers Humanistic Perspective | believed that lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood leads to conditions of worth (harsh self standards) |
| Cognitive theorists' perspective on GAD | view that GAD is caused by maladaptive assumptions that lead people to view most life situations as dangerous (have exaggerated expectations of threat); implicit beliefs about the power/value of worrying further contribute to the disorder |
| Ellis's Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET); Beck's Cognitive Therapy; Meichenbaum's Self-Instruction Training | Cognitive Therapies for GAD |
| Biological Perspective of GAD | view that GAD results from low activity of neurotransmitter GABA, the closer the relative the greater the chance; issue of shared environment |
| Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax) reduce anxiety (through increasing binding of GABA to receptors: GABA Agonists); Relaxation training; biofeedback | Biological Therapies for GAD: |
| Phobia | a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation; diff. from normal fears because: they are more intense, greater desire to avoid feared object/situation; distress which interferes w/ functioning |
| Specific Phobia | persisten fear of a specific object or situation; typically experience immediate fear when exposed to object/situation; common specific fears for animals/insects, heights, enclosed spaces, thunderstorms, and blood |
| Social Phobia | sever, persistent, and irrational fears of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur; can be narrow or broad; people repeatedly judge themselves as performing less adequately than they actually do. |
| Agoraphobia | anxiety about being in places where escape might be difficult/embarrassing or help may not be available in event of having unexpected panic attack/panic-like symptoms; situations avoided or endured w/ marked distress/anxiety about having unexpected panic |
| Classical Conditioning or modeling; people try to avoid the fear=do not get close enough to learn that the objects are quite harmless | Behavioral Explanations for Phobias |
| Stimulus Generalization | Behaviorist perspective; responses to one stimulus are also elicited by similar stimuli; develops into GAD |
| Preparedness | Evolutionary perspective that humans are prepared to acquire some phobias and not others |
| Exposure Treatments | treatments where individuals are exposed to the objects or situations they dread; desensitization, flooding, and modeling treatments |
| Systematic Desensitization | tx technique where people learn to relax while gradually facing the objects/sits. they fear; 1st offer relax. training (deep muscle relaxation), create fear hierarchy, taught how to pair relaxation w/ the objects/sits. |
| Vivo desensitization | desensitization in which person actually confronts the feared object/situation |
| Covert Desensitization | desensitization in which person imagines confronting the feared object/situation |
| Flooding | treatment in which clients are forced to face their feared objects or situations w/o relaxation training and w/o gradual buildup; can be either in vivo or covert |
| Modeling | tx in which the therapist confronts the feared object/situation while the fearful person observes; can include participant modeling |
| medication (antidepressants and antianxiety); exposure therapy (group therapy), Cognitive therapies (rational-emotive therapy), social skills training | Treatments for Social Phobias: |
| Social Skills Training | tx in which therapists combine several behavioral techniques in order to help people improve their social skills; model, role-play, rehearse, feedback&reinforcement from therapist; include social skills training groups and assertiveness training groups |
| Panic Attacks | Periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within 10 mins., and gradually pass; |
| palpitations o/t heart, tingling in hands/feet, shortness of breath, sweating, hot & cold flashes, trembling, chest pains, choking sensations, faintness, dizziness, and a feeling of unreality | Symptoms of panic attack; (must feature at least four): |
| Panic Disorder | Anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks; often accompanied by agoraphobia; develops in late adol. & early adulthood |
| Biological perspective on Panic Disorder | irreg. norepinephrine activity; circuit that includes amygdala, ventromed. nucleus o/t hypothalamus, central gray matter, & locus ceruleus; possible predisp., benzodiazepines(Xanax), antidepressants |
| Cognitive Perspective on Panic Disorder | view that panic reactions are experienced only by people who further misinterpret the physiological events that are occurring w/i their bodies; get increasingly upset about losing control, fear the worst, lose perspective, & rapidly plunge into panic |
| Anxiety Sensitivity | panic-prone individuals focus on their bodily sensations much of the time, are unable to assess them logically, and interpret them as potentially harmful |
| try to correct people's misinterprets. of bodily sensations; edu. clients on panic attacks, actual causes o/t sensations, & tendency to misinterpret sensations; apply more accurate interprets. during stressful sits.; coping & distraction techs. | Cognitive therapy for Panic Disorder: |
| Obsessions | Persistent thought.ideas, impulses, or images that seem to invade a person's consciousness |
| Compulsions | repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety; can develop into rituals |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | disorder in which obsessions or compulsions feel excessive or unreasonable, cause great distress, take up much time, or interfere with daily functions; obsessions cause anxiety, compulsions reduce/prevent anxiety |
| wishes, impulses, images, ideas, or doubts | Forms of obsessions |
| dirt/contamination, violence and aggression, orderliness, religion, and sexuality | Common themes in obsessions: |
| cleaning, checking, order or balance, touching, verbal, and counting | Commons forms/themes of compulsions |
| Psychodynamic perspective on OCD | OCD is battle b/w id impulses & defense mechanisms not buried in unconscious but played out in overt thoughts and actions; id-obsessions; ego defenses- counterthoughts/compulsions; Defenses include isolation, undoing, & reaction formation |
| Behavioral perspective on OCD | View that people happen upon compulsions randomly; in fearful situation, happen to perform particular act, when threat lifts, associated improvement w/ the random act |
| Exposure and response prevention | Behavioral treatment for OCD; clients repeatedly exposed to objects/situations that produce anxiety/obsessive fears/compulsive behaviors, but are told to resist performing the behaviors they feel bound to perform; group, individual, & self-help |
| Cognitive Perspective on OCD | view on OCD that people blame themselves for repetitive/unwanted/intrusive thoughts and expect that terrible things will happen, and try to neutralize thoughts |
| Neutralize | (in OCD) thinking or behaving in ways meant to put matters right or make amends |
| seeking reassurance, thinking "good" thoughts, washing, checking | types of neutralizing acts: |
| be more depressed than others, have exceptionally high standards of conduct/morality, believe their intrusive thoughts are equivalent to actions & capable of causing harm, & generally believe they should have perfect control over all thoughts & behaviors | People with OCD tend to: |
| Cognitive-behavioral treatments | tx for OCD where clients are 1st taight to view obsessive thoughts as inaccurate occurrences rather than as valid & dangerous cognitions for which they are responsible & must act upon; then ERP |
| Biological Perspective on OCD | OCD due to low serotonin activity; abnorm functioning in specific areas such as orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei (overactive brains regions) |
| SSRIs: Anafranil & Prozac (antidepressants) | Biological Treatments for OCD |
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