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ccctc test 3 def.
defenitions for test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| process where a drug is taken up from the site of administration and is transported to the blood stream | absorption |
| absorption occurs 5 ways: | orally, topically, rectally, by inhalation, parenteral |
| taken into the body in a manner other than gastrointestinal tract | parenteral |
| ways to absorb medication orally | tablet, capsule, liquid, syrup |
| ways to absorb medication topically | cream, lotion, ointment, gel |
| ways to absorb medication rectally | suppository, ointment |
| ways to absorb medication by inhalation | inhaler, nebulizer, vaporizer, mask |
| process where the drug, once in the bloodstream, is delivered to specific organs and tissues in the body to exert its pharmacological effects | distribution |
| process by which the body breaks down and converts medication into an active chemical substances | metabolism |
| process by which the drug is eliminated from the body- primarily by the kidney | excretion |
| % or fraction of the administered dose of a drug that actually reaches systemic circulation. Factors affecting oral route of administration include, age, body weight and time of administration. | bio availability |
| when the effectiveness of two drugs is decreased when given together. | therapeutic incompatibility |
| when two drugs from the same class are given together | therapeutic duplication |
| effects other than the desired ones | adverse effects |
| a severe adverse reaction to the administration of a drug | anaphylactic reaction |
| problem that occurs when treatment goes beyond desired effect or problems that occur in addition to the desired effect | side effects |
| effects that are harmful and destructive to the body | toxicities |
| example of toxicities | chemotherapy kills good cells |
| cross sensitivity | allergy to drugs that are chemically similar |
| a change in the magnitude or duration of the pharmacological response of one drug because of the presence of another drug | drug interactions |
| occurs when two or more drugs combined together yield a response when the drugs by themselves are not enough (1+1=2) | additive response |
| occurs when the effect of two or more drugs is greater than the sum of the drugs (1+1=5) | synergistic response |
| a theoretical ratio that weighs the benefits over the risks and must be done by a case-by-case basis only | risk-to-benefit ratio |
| when a drug used for one indication causes an increase in severity of another indication | contraindication |
| the results outweigh the risks when the drug used can cause an increase in side effects or risks | relative contraindication |
| this indication should never be done and could result in life threatening circumstances | absolute contraindication |
| the study of drugs and their interactions with the human body to produce therapeutic effects | pharmacology |
| a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation (decrease in severity), treatment, or prevention of disease in human beings or animals | drug |
| a drug that requires a prescription | legend drug |
| also refered to as over the counter drugs. these are medications that the FDA has determined to be safe and effective for consumers to self-medicate when used as directed by the product labeling. Does not require a prescription | non-prescription drugs |
| examples of legend drugs that also are available over the county | antivert and prilosec |
| these products are not regulated by the FDA because the suppliers do not make therapeutic claims. these products are not reviewed for content and have not been proven effective. | dietary supplements |
| the most common solid dosage form available. they vary in shape, size, weight, color, dissolution properties, and method of delivery: | tablets |
| designed to dissolve slowly when placed between the cheek and gums. bypasses the digestive tract. gives prolonged release of medication. | buccal tablets |
| designed to dissolve immediately and produce a rapid drug response when placed under the tongue, not swallowed | sublingual tablets |
| designed to be easily chewed and then swallowed | chewable tablets |
| examples of sublingual tablets | nitro tablets and B12 tablets |
| example of chewable tablets | flinstone vitamins |
| example of effervescent tablets | alka-seltzer |
| coated to delay the release of medication until the tablet has reached the intestinal tract | enteric-coated tablets |
| used to mask taste | film-coated tablets |
| solid dosage forms in which forms in which the medication is enclosed in a shell of either hard or soft gelatin. patients typically find these easier to swallow than tablets | capsules |
| made from powdered natural materials such as plants and animal organs. powder was combined with sticky material so that it could be rolled into a round mass. out-dated dosage form. | pills |
| formulated to produce a constant release of medication over an extended period of time. allows for consistent blood level for a longer duration. reduces the number of doses that must be taken | controlled release |
| ways to designate controlled release for a drug: | LA (long acting) SA (sustained action) SR (sustained release) CR (controlled release) TR (timed release) |
| dissolve in the mouth. provide medication to the oral cavity. look similar to hard candy | pastilles, lozenges |
| can be hard or have a gummy consistency, provide medication to the oral cavity | troches |
| give an example of lozenges | cough drops |
| give an example of enteric-coated tablets | enteric-coated aspirin |
| solid dosage forms which have been crushed to make a fine powder | powders |
| designed to be inserted into a body cavity | suppositories |
| inserted into the vagina where they dissolve to provide topical and systemic effects | vaginal tablets |
| provide a route for medication to those patients who cannot swallow solid dosage forms | liquid dosage forms |
| prepared to be the complete dissolution of medication(s) in a suitable liquid | solutions |
| solutions that contain sugar | syrups |
| solutions that contain alcohol | tinctures |
| liquids in which the medication does not completely dissolve but rather is suspended in a liquid formation | suspensions |
| what auxiliary label should be placed on a suspension | shake well |
| require the addition of distilled water within the pharmacy. stored as powder to prevent deterioration of medicine | reconstituted liquid |
| preparations containing oil and water. in time the oil and water separate to form two clearly visible layers | emulsions |
| what auxillary label should be placed on the patient's prescription bottle | shake well |
| clear sweet combinations of water and alcohol intended for oral use | elixers |
| contains plant extracts as the active ingredient in water and/or alcohol | fluid extracts and tinctures |
| contain substances that evaporate quickly in ambient conditions. keeping in airtight containers can prevent losses due to evaporation | spirits and elixers |
| systems in which gas have been incorporated into a liquid and when released the entrapped gas gives the product a very light consistancy | foams |
| and easy method to apply medication to the scalp. due to large amounts of hair, other topical preparations are difficult to use in the area. | shampoo |
| liquid preparations which dry to form a flexible film that can be removed from the skin | colloids |
| provide medication to the oral cavity. patients are usually directed to swish and swallow or swish and spit | mouthwash/rinse |
Created by:
kfpolchies
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