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psych chap.6
"learning"
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | a process through which experience produces a lasting change in behavior or mental processes |
| mere exposure effect | accounts for the effectiveness of much advertising. |
| habituation | involves learning not to respond to stimulation |
| behavioral learning | classical and operant conditioning |
| classical conditioning | A basic form of learning in which a stimulus that produces an innate reflex becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus, which then acquires the power to elicit essentially the same response |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | a stimulus that automatically provokes a reflexive response |
| neutral stimulus | one without reflex-provoking power such as a tone or a light |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | unconditioned reflex |
| acquisition | initial stage of classical conditioning |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | the stimulus that is the occasion for a conditioned response. |
| conditioned response (CR) | An automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus. |
| extinction | occurs when a conditioned response is eliminated by repeated presentations of the CS without the UCS |
| spontaneous recovery | occurs and the conditioned response nearly always reappears at a lower intensity |
| stimulus generalization | a process that involves giving a conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the CS |
| stimulus discrimination | occurs when an organism learns to respond to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar |
| operant | an observable behavior that an organism uses to operate in, or have an effect on, the environment |
| operant conditioning | a form of learning in which behavior change is brought along by the consequences of behavior |
| law of effect | How hungry animals would work to solve a problem by trial and error to obtain a food reward and effective responses stamped in |
| reinforcer | reward; any condition that follows and strengthens a response |
| negative reinforcement | the reinforcement of behavior by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus |
| positive reinforcement | strengthens a response by occurring after the response and making the behavior more likely to occur again |
| operant chamber | could be set to control the timing and the frequency of reinforcement |
| reinforcement contingencies | the many possible ways of associating responses and reinforcers |
| contiguous reinforcement | rewarding every correct response gives feedback on how well each response was performed |
| shaping | shapes new behaviors |
| intermittent reinforcement | the rewarding of some but not all correct responses; the most efficient way to maintain behaviors that have already been learned |
| schedules of reinforcement | ratio and interval schedules |
| ratio schedule | rewards a subject after a certain number of responses |
| interval schedule | provides a reward after a certain time interval |
| fixed ratio schedules | rate of responding is very high; workers are paid on a piecework basis |
| variable ratio schedules | less predictable; keeps responses coming at a high rate |
| fixed interval schedules | time period between rewards remains constant |
| variable interval schedules | the interval between rewards varies |
| primary reinforcers | stimuli that fulfill basic biological needs such as food or water |
| conditioned/secondary reinforcers | money, grades, approval, praise, smiles |
| token economy | grooming or taking medication may be reinforced by plastic tokens awarded by the staff when patients perform these desired behaviors and can later be exchanged for rewards and privileges |
| Premack principle | a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one |
| positive punishment | application of an aversive stimulus (touching a hot plate, painful consequence reduces the likelihood of the repetition of that behavior |
| negative punishment | the removal of a reinforcer |
| cognitive map | a mental image that an organism uses to navigate through a familiar environment |
| observational learning | children learning aggressive behavior by imitation aggressive role models who are perceived as successful or admirable or who seem to enjoy themselves |
| long-term potentiation | Learning apparently involves physical changes that strengthen the synapses in groups of nerve cells |
Created by:
kbrumble
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