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Adolescent Psych 2
Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hormones | powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands & carried throughout the body by the bloodstream |
| Androgens | the main class of male sex hormones |
| Estrogens | the main class of female hormones |
| Testosterone | androgen that plays an important role in male pubertal development; rising levels are associated w/ physical changes in boys including the development of external genitals, increased height, and voice changes; also linked to sexual desire & activity |
| Estradiol | estrogen that plays important role in female pubertal development; as levels rise, breast development, uterine development, and skeletal changes occur |
| Hypothalamus | structure in the brain that interacts with the pituitary gland to monitor the bodily regulation of hormones; monitors eating, drinking, and sex |
| Pituitary Gland | Master gland; produces hormones that stimulate other glands; influences growth by producing growth hormones; sends gonadotropins to the testes and ovaries and a thyroid-stimulating hormone to the thyroid gland; also sends hormone to the adrenal gland |
| Thyroid Gland | Interacts with the pituitary gland to influence growth |
| Adrenal Gland | interacts w/ pituitary gland & likely plays role in pubertal development; research suggest it may be involved in adolescent behavior, particularly for boys |
| Gonads/Sex Glands | consist of the testes and ovaries; involved in the appearance of secondary sex characteristics (facial hair/breast devel.) |
| pituitary gland sends signal via gonadotropins to the testes/ovaries to manufacture the hormone, through interaction w/ hypothalamus, pit. gland detects when optimal level of hormones has been reached & maintains it w/ additional gonadotropin secretions | How does the endocrine system work? |
| FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone) | Levels of sex hormones are regulated by 2 hormones secreted by the pituitary gland: |
| FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) | Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates follicle development in females and sperm production in males |
| LH (Luteinizing hormone) | hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that regulates estrogen secretion and ovum development in females and testosterone production in males |
| GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) | Hormone from the hypothalamus that is linked to pubertal timing |
| negative feedback system | if the level of sex hormones rises too high, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland reduce their stimulation of the gonads, decreasing the production of sex hormones and vice versa. |
| cortisol | hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that influences growth |
| Adrenarche | involves hormonal changes in the adrenal glands; changes occur from about 6-9y in girls and about a year later in boys, before what is normally considered puberty; adrenal glands secrete adrenal androgens |
| Gonadarche | follows adrenarche by about 2 years; period known as puberty; involves maturation of primary sexual characteristics (ovaries/testes); & secondary sexual characteristics (pubis hard, breasts, genitals); reactivation o/t hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis |
| Menarche | the first menstrual period; occurs in mid- to late gonadarche in girls |
| Spermarche | a boy's first ejaculation of semen, occurs in early to mid gonadarche |
| High | (high or low?) ____ weight is linked to earlier pubertal development |
| fat, weight | Scientists hypothesized that the onset of menarche is influenced by the percentage of body _____ in relation to total body ______ |
| Leptin | related to the amounts of fat in girls and androgen in boys; may signal beginning and progression of puberty; concentrations high in girls than in boys |
| Leptin | hormone that may indicate adequate fat stores for reproduction and the maintenance of pregnancy |
| Low, normal, low | _____ birth weight girls experience menarche approximately 5-10 months earlier than _____ birth weight girls; ______ birth weight boys are at risk for small testicular volume during adolescence |
| earlier | Adolescents in developed countries and large urban areas reach puberty ______ than their counterparts in less developed countries and rural areas |
| adoption, father absence, low SES, family conflict, maternal harshness, child maltreatment, and early substance use | Early experiences that are linked to earlier pubertal onset (early pubertal onset probably due to high rates of conflict and stress in social contexts): |
| Girls, Boys, 9, 11, 11.5, 13.5, 3.5, 4 | growth spurt assoc. w/ puberty occurs approx. 2 years earlier for ___ than for __; mean age for growth spurt in girls: ____; for boys: ___; Peak of pubertal change: ____ for girls; ___ for guys; Height increase per year: ___in. for girls, ___ in. for boys |
| Menarche | Growth spurt typically ends around ______ for girls, later for boys |
| increased penis/testicle size; appearance of straight pubic hair;minor voice change; first ejaculation; appearance of kinky pubic hair; onset of max. growth; growth of armpit hair; more detectable voice changes; & growth of facial hair | Male pubertal characteristics develop in this order: |
| penis elongation, testes development, & growth of facial hair | 3 of the most noticeable signs of sexual maturation in boys: |
| breast development; pubic hair; hair in armpits; height and wider hips; menarche; rounded breasts; | Order of appearance of physical changes in females: |
| pubic hair, breast development | Two of the most noticeable aspects of female pubertal change: |
| Precocious Puberty | term used to describe the very early onset and rapid progression of puberty; usually diagnosed in girls when pubertal onset occurs before 8y & 9y in boys; more often in girls; |
| By medically suppressing gonadotropic secretions, which temporarily stop pubertal change | How is precocious puberty usually treated? |
| have short stature, early sexual capability, and the potential for engaging in agi-inappropriate behavior | Children who experience precocious puberty are ultimately likely to: |
| smoke, drink, be depressed, have an ED, engage in delinquency; struggle for earlier independence, have older friends; & bodies likely to elicit responses from males that lead to earlier dating and earlier sexual experiences | Early maturing girls are more likely to: |
| early-maturing girls being more easily lured into problem behaviors, not recognizing the possible long-term effects of these on their development | The combination of their social and cognitive immaturity and early physical development result in |
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mobrien606
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