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MEAS 218 Ch 1 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | based on the Greek word pharmakon, has three related meanings: Charm, Poison, Remedy |
| Pharmacodynamics | how drugs produce their effects |
| Drug | derived from the Dutch word "droog", which means dry and refers to the use of dried herbs & plants |
| Rx Symbol | from the Latin word "recipe", meaning "take", indicated a prescription. |
| Belladonna | means beautiful lady in Italian |
| Patent Medicines | used in the 1700 - 1800's. Sold without regulation and accompanied by extravagant claims of cures. Ex: Ayer's Cherry Pectoral - used for respiratory ailments. Contained cherry flavoring and heroin. |
| 1899 | Aspirin introduced |
| 1941 | Penicillin introduced |
| 1946 | Benadryl introduced. First antihistamine |
| 1957 | Librium introduced for neurosis |
| 1981 | Verapamil introduced for arrhythmia's. First calcium channel blocker |
| 1982 | Human insulin introduced. First drug made using recombinant DNA technology |
| Drug Sources | Plant, Animal, Mineral & man made (chemist's lab) |
| Digoxin (Lanoxin) (source & info) | SOURCE: Plant/Foxglove INFO: Still No current medical use. Examples: LSD, heroin, PCP, Crackdrug of choice in treatment of CHF |
| Aspirin (source & info) | SOURCE: Plant/Willow bark INFO: Introduced in 1899. Used for many years ?? its natrual form of pain relief |
| Morphine (source & info) | SOURCE: Plant/Opium Poppy INFO: Isolated in 1806. Marked the beginning of modern drug treatment based on chemically pure ingredients |
| Early Pharmacists | *1900s prep of drugs-time consuming,test tubes,filters&Bunsen burners *Daily duties/preparing drugs from Rx *Made milk of magnesia,paregoric&syrup for liquid meds,Han-rolled coco butter suppositories *Measure drugs in minims,drams,ounces,grains&scruple |
| Let the Buyer Beware | prevailing dictum regarding patent drugs due to the lack of warnings against misuse, addiction, or side effects |
| Drug Laws | passed in the 1900's to ensure safety & purity and to protect the public from unscrupulous sellers, worthless or harmful medicines that were on the market |
| Pure Food & Drug Act | first federal drug law passed in 1906 |
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | * 1938 * The burden of proof is upon the drug manufactures. * FDA reviews data from drug company to evaluate safety of drugs before giving approval. * FDA can remove a drug from market even after it has been approved. |
| Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) | * 1970 * regulates manufg & dispensing of dangerous & potentially abused drugs * Divided drugs into 5 schedules based on physical and/or psychological dependence known as scheduled drugs or controlled substances (does not apply to other Rx drugs) |
| Symbol for Schedule Drugs | required on the packaging to indicate which schedule of the drug has been categorized |
| Orphan Drug Act | * Passed in 1983 * Was to fascilitate the development of new drugs to treat rare diseases |
| Schedule I Drugs | No current medical use. Examples: LSD, heroin, PCP, Crack |
| Magic Bullet | Penicillin was the first known drug to cure syphilis. Nicknamed "_____ _____", discovered by Paul Ehrlich, a German chemist |
| Drug Names | 1. Chemical 2. Generic 3. Brand name/ product name |
| Marketing & Advertising | The Drug Company/ manufacturer has the right to advertise & market a drug under its brand name. The company ALONE selects the brand/product name |
| Brand Names - can indicate: | 1. Disease being treated 2. Source of the drug 3. Several drugs in combination 4. How often a drug is to be taken 5. Duration of drug action (LA - long acting) 6. Amount of active ingredients 7. Reflect the drug manufacture's identity |
| Drug Design - New drugs are discovered by: | 1. Totally new chemical discovered in the environment 2. New chemical from molecular manipulation of a drug already in use 3. Use of computer manipulation helps identify those chemicals which would effective or ineffective |
| Recombinant DNA Technology | also known as Gene Splicing or genetic engineering. New in the field of drug development. Aided by computer design |
| Human Testing | there are 3 phases of _____ _____ AFTER animal testing and PERMISSION from FDA to test the drug in humans |
| Patent | All pharmaceutical companies are protected by a 17-yr patent on new drugs. During that time, no other company can manufr or market an identical drug. However, part of the 17-yr patent is lost during the testing process before the drug is approved by FDA |
| Inert Ingredients | Binders and fillers in drugs. Also includes preservatives, antioxidants & buffers. Varies among manufactures. Can affect drug bioavailability/therapeutic effect |
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