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chap. 9
Anesthesia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a loss of feeling or sensation | Anesthesia |
| an agent that partially or completely numbs or eliminates sensitivity with or without loss of consciousness | ANESTHETIC |
| injection of an anesthetic into the space immediately outside of the dura mater that contains a supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissues. | Epidural anesthesia |
| Provision of a painfree state for the entire body | General anesthesia |
| buring energy and nutrients at a higher rate than normal | Hypermetabolic |
| Provision of pain free state in a specific area of the body | Local anesthesia |
| Anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic drug into tissue | Infiltration anesthesia |
| able to dissolve much more easily in lipids than in water | Lipophilic |
| a rare genetic hypermetabolic condition that's characterized by severe overproduction of body heat with rigidity of skeletal muscles | Malignant hyperthermia |
| rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs | Nystagmus |
| drugs given before the administration of anesthesia | Preanesthetic meds |
| A type of regional anesthesia produced by injection a local anesthetic drug into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord | Spinal anesthesia |
| Liquids that evaporate upon exposure to the air | Volatile liquids |
| gaseous anesthetics are the principal agents used in the_____ of anessthesia, but agents given by other routes are still used in the ___ if anesthesia. | maintenance, induction |
| Anesthesia is basically characterized by 4 reversible actions | unconsciousness, analgesia, immobility, and amnesia |
| this stage begins when the agent is administered and lasts until loss of consciousness. analgesia, Euphoria, perceptual distortions, amnesia | Stage I |
| there may be excitement and involuntary muscular activity. this skeletal muscle tone increases and breathing is irregular. Hypertension and tachycardia and sudden death may occur in this stage | Stage II |
| surgical anesthesia lasts until spontaneous respiration ceases: respiration, the size of the pupils, reflex characteristics, eyeball movements. this stage is characterized by progressive muscular relaxation | Stage III |
| medullary paralysis begins with respiratory failure and can lead to circulatory collapse. | Stage IV |
| In the induction of anesthesia with intravenous anesthetic agents stage ___ & ____ merge so quickly into one another that they are not apparent. | stages I and III |
| _____ are drugs that immediately produce unconsciousness and complete analgesia. these agents are generally administered by intravenous or inhalation routes | General anesthetics |
| Certain drugs that are gases or_____ at room temp. are administered by inhalation in combo. with air or oxygen. The only gas used routinely for anesthesia is nitrous oxide, commonly called laughing gas. | volatile liquid |
| nitrous oxide provides analgesia equivalent to ___ mg of morphine | 10 |
| ____ are converted into a vapor | Volatile liquids |
| commonly administered volatile agents are; | halothane, enflurane and isoflurane |
| ____ is the most potentant volatile agents | Halothane |
| used for declined | halothane, fluothane |
| most used | isoflurane, forane |
| used for labor | methoxyflurane, penthrane |
| of the inhaled anesthetics____, ____ & ____ are the most commonly used in the U.S | nitrous oxide, desflurane, and sevoflurane |
| a group of enzyme disorders that cause skin problems and neurological complications | Porphyria |
| inhaled general anesthetic drugs may interact with ___ and increase the level of dopamine in the CNS. | levodopa (parkinson disease) |
| Injectable general anesthetics--admin. of intravenous and inhaled anesthetics together allows the dose of the inhaled drug to be___, resulting in decreased probability of serious side effects. | reduced |
| drugs used as intravenous anesthetics include; ___, ___ & ___ | opiods, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines. |
| local anesthetics block the transmission of nerve impulses between the ___ & ___ | peripheral nervous system & central nervous system. |
| local anesthesia is more accurately called ___ or ___ | surface anesthesia or regional anesthesia. |
| Classification of local anesthetics have 2 major groups ___ & ___ | ester and amides |
| ___ type aneshetics represented by procaine, contains an ester linkage in their chemical structure | ester |
| ___ type drugs represented by lidocaine contains an amide linkage. | amide |
| most of the local anesthetics in common use today belong to the ___ class | amide |
| ___ type local anesthetic have been in use longer than amides. | ester |
| ____ are associated with higer incidence of allergic reations due to one of their metabolites, para-amino benzoic (PABA | ester |
| local anesthetics may also be use for __ ___ & ___ | endoscopy, wart treatment, vasectomy |
| local anesthetics are contraindicated in ___ pts. | elderly |
| cimetidine is a | h2 blocker |
| quinidine is a | arithmea |
| routes of admin. of local anesthetics are; | topical, nerve block, infiltration, spinal epidural |
| acts as a nerve conduction--blocking agent on the skin or mucus membranes. | Topical anesthesia |
| ___ is an example of a topical anesthetic agent. | lidocaine |
| ___ affects the bundle of nerves serving the area to operated upon. this medthod is used to block sensation in a limb or large area such as the face. | Nerve block anesthesia |
| which anesthesia is used for longer procedures. | bupivacaine ( marcaine) |
| is injected between the arachnoid and pia mater--effects lower abdomen and legs. | spinal anesthesia |
| is injected in lumnar or caudal--this method is most commonly used in obstetrics during labor and delivery. | Epidural anesthesia |
| the only neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. | Acetylcholine( ach) |
| compulsive disorder that leads to continue use of a drug, despite harm to the user | Addiction |
| division of the PNS( peripheral nervous system) consisting of the nerve and sense organs that bring info to the CNS. | Afferent system |
| longer acting local anesthesia that metabolized by the liver enzymes | Amide |
| drug that allieviate pain | Analgesic |
| ___,___ & ___ primary opid receptors assiciated with analgesia | mu, delta, & kappa |
| guideline for selecting pain relieving dedications occuring to severity of the pain | analgesic ladder |
| subjective sensation that mark the onset of migraine headache | Aura |
| a pro oprotive sedative,they are desirable in this use to cause amnesia as well as relieve axinety and anti convulsive properity. | Benzodiazepines--sched. 4 |
| part of the efferent system of the PNS that regulates activities of body structure, not voluntary control. its further divided in 2 major components sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system | autonomic nervous system ( ANS) |
| nerve receptors on the heart that control the rate & strenght of the heart beat in response to epaneperine (adrenalin) | beta 1 receptors |
| nerve receptor that control vasodilation and relaxation of the smooth muscle of the air ways in response to epanephrine | Beta 2 receptors |
| drugs used for management of moderate to severe pain & to treat opeate addiction thru prevention of opid withdrawl | Buprenorphine (buprenex/ subutex) |
| brian and spinal cord | CNS |
| drugs used in IV form as a treatment for malignant hyperthermia also a skelatal muscle relaxant used for tx of ms, stroke, cerabral palsay, and spinal cord injury. | Dantrolene (dantrium) |
| physical and emotional reliance on a drug | dependence |
| division of the PNS consisting of the nerve that dispatch info out from the CNS | efferent system |
| inhaled anastetic with the advantage fo rapid reduction and recovery | Enflurane (ethrane) |
| short acting local anastetic | ester |
| dantrole, furosemide, glucose, procainamide, sodium bicarbonate 7.5% and sterile water | malignant hyperthermia kit |
| chlorpromazine (thorazine) metoclopramide (reglan) & prochlorperazine(compazine) are: | drugs used for migraine headache |
| anticonvulsants, beta blocker, ccb's estrogen, feverfew, NSAID's , SSRI's and tricyclic antidepressants | drugs used as propolaxtyl therapy for migraine headaches |
| ___ is anopioid antagonist, reverse opid drug overdose | Nalmefene (revex) |
| used for relief of pain | narcotic analgesic |
| drugs that block neuromuscular transmission causing paralysis | neuromuscular blocking |
| nerve cell, electicall excitable cells tht process and transmits into thru electrical chemical signals | Neuron |
| biochemical that is formed and released from a neuron in order to stimulate or inhibit the actions of another cell. | neurotransmitter |
| Cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, smooth muscle are part of the | autonomic nervous system (Ach) |
| Cardiac & bronchodilator adrenergic receptors is the? | epeneriphine fight r flight chemical |
| Gaba receptor & present in many nerve endings in the brain | gamma aminobuturic acid |
| alpha & beta receptors are the___ & ___ | norepinephrine--noreadrenaline |
| have analgesic and antipyretic effects | NSAID drugs |
| sedative narcotics containing opium or 1 or more of its natural or synthetic derivatives | Opiate |
| a natural or synthetic narcotic substance | opiod |
| an unpleasant sensation assoc. with actual or potential tissue damage | pain |
| method of allowing a person in pain to administer their own pain relief. | patient controlled analgesia (PCA) |
| consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brian and spinal cord | peripheral nervous system PNS |
| regulates voluntary or conscious functions such as motor movement. | somatic nervous system SNS |
| pain that occurs when no pain should be felt. caused by nerve damage (trauma) | sympathetically medicated pain |
| drug used for management of moderate to moderately sever pain in adults | Tramadol (ultram) |
| meds used for migraines headaches | Triptans |
| migraines are caused by vasodilation and the mechanical stimulation of sensory nerve endings | Vascular theory |
| preanesthetic meds help minimize undesirable effects of anesthetics such as; | excessive salivation, bradycardia, and vomiting |
| adverse effect of inhaled anesthetics may include; anxiety excitement, agfressivness, N/V and ____ . | nightmares |
Created by:
fondaj80
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