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Later Relationships
Psychology AQA B Unit Three- Child Social Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Smith et al's (2003) definition of friendship? | A close relationship between two particular people, as indicated by their association together, or their psychological attachment and trust. |
| How would Selman (1980) say that friendship develops between 3-12+ years? | 3-6 years: Physical Partner 5-9 years: One way assistant relationship 7-12 years: Reciprocity 10-15 years: Exclusive Intimacy 12+ years: Autonomous Interdependence |
| Damon (1977) asked children questions about friendship. How did their answers vary over different ages? | Under 7: Friendship is who you play with. 8-11 years: Friendship is about shared interests, trust and kindness. 12+: Friendship is about mutual understanding and intimacy. |
| What did Damon conclude from his studies? | Understanding of Friendship changes as children become less egocentric. |
| Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) studied children's "my best friend" stories, what was the difference between younger and older children's stories? | Younger= living close Older= Mutual Understanding and Intimacy. |
| What did Bigelow and LaGaipa conclude from their findings? | As children get older, less emphasis on Physical Interaction and more focus on psychological characteristics and concern for others is felt. |
| Why may language ability be a confounding variable in measuring friendship? | Because older children may express complex emotional ideas more easily than younger children. |
| Why might responses be inaccurate? | They may be subjective= biased= unreliable. |
| What is a weakness of hypothetical dilemma responses? | They may not reflect real life reasoning. |
| Relationships with boys are generally...? | Extensive, spending time in large groups, with a focus on shared activities. |
| Relationships with girls are generally...? | Intensive, intimate friendships in pairs, and focus on emotional closeness. |
| Benenson and Christakos (2003) found that among 10-15 year olds... | Girls had more best friends; Boys friendships lasted longer; Girls worried more about friendship. |
| Benenson and Christakos concluded that... | Social Networks are different for boys and girls. |
| Lever (1976) asked 10 year old boys and girls about their friendships. What differences did he find between sexes? | Girls prefferred a 'best friend', and were happy to show affection; shared intimate secrets; and were more likely to be jealous, and were more anxious about threats to friendships. Boys friendships were more open and group based. |
| What is the definition of Sociometery? | A technique to represent relationships between members of a group in the form of a diagram (sociogram) that illustrates the popularity status of members of the group. |
| What were the five types of child that Cohie and Dodge discovered? | Popular, Average, Controversial,Rejected and Neglected children. |
| What two types of rejected children did Berk (2003) identify? | Rejected-Agressive: Implusive, agressive, hyperactive, and lacking in ability to understand others. Rejected-Withdrawn: Passive, socially withdrawn, high in social anxiety, and often targeted for bullying. |
| What are the causes of rejection? | Similarity- Kandel: Friendships last longer if friends are similar Attractiveness- Vaughn and Langlois (1983) said that attractiveness may be physical or linked to status. Personality;Early relationships and poor social skills. |
| Dodge et al (1983) observed playground behaviour, watching a third child trying to join in with a pair already playing together. What differences did they observe twixt popular, neglected, and rejected children? | Popular children made group orientated statements, and so were socially adept and able to join in easily. Neglected children did not attempt to join in. Rejected children were too aggressive and forceful to be allowed into the group. |
| How can we evaluate studies on popularity? | A cause and effect relationship can never truly be established between negative consequences and rejection. Shaffer (1996)- Aggressiveness may be the key factor rather than rejection. Most studies fail to distinguish between rejection and friendlesssnes |
| What did Bagwell et al (1998) argue? | Rejection by some is less damaging than total friendlessness. |
Created by:
nayahpross
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