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Chap. 1 GA&RPT
Chapter 1 general anatomy and radiographic positioning terminology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four divisions of the body? | head, neck, trunk (thorax, abdomen, pelvis) and limbs (upper and lower limbs) |
| Anatomy? | the science of the structure of the body |
| Define Physiology? | The study of the body organs |
| Define Pathology? | the study of disease |
| Define Osteology? | the study of the bones of the body |
| Define anatomical positioning? | standing upright, limbs extended, facing front, palms facing front and feet together |
| What are the four fundamental planes? | Sagittal, coronal, horizontal/axial and oblique |
| Sagittal planes? | divide the body into right and left segments passing vertically from front to back |
| midsagittal plan? | divides body into equal parts |
| coronal planes? | pass through body vertically from side to side, dividing body into anterior/posterior parts |
| midcoronal plane? | midaxillary plane which passes through midline and divides the body into equal halves |
| horizontal plane? | A plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles through the longitudinal axis |
| What is another name for horizontal plane? | transverse, axial and cross-sectional planes |
| Oblique plane? | pass through a body part at any angle between previous three planes |
| How are planes used in radiographic positioning? | to center a body part to the (IR) image receptor or (CR)computed radiography= imaging plate |
| What does the interiliac plane intersect? | At the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests (level of L4) |
| What is an occlusal plane? | formed by the biting of surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed |
| What are the two great body cavities? | thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| The lower portion of the abdominal cavity is called what? | abdominopelvic cavity |
| What are some of the organs that are in the thoracic cavity? | pleural membrane, lungs trachea, esophagus, pericardium and the heart and great blood vessels |
| The abdominal cavity contains what organs? | peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, kidneys, intestines, ureters and major blood vessels |
| The pelvic cavity contains? | the rectum urinary bladder and part of the reproductive system |
| divisions of the abdomen are bordered superiorly by what? | diaphragm |
| what two methods are the abdomen divided into? | quadrants and regions |
| what are the four quadrants of the abdomen? | RUQ/RLU & LUQ/LLQ |
| What are the nine regions of the abdomen? | superior regions: right hypochonrium, epigastrium and left hypochondrium middle region: right lateral umbilical and left lateral inferior regions: right inguinal hypogastrium and left inguinal |
| what is body habitus? | common variations in the shape of the human body |
| body habitus determines what? | size, shape and position of organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| what organs are affected by body habitus? | heart, lumgs, diaphram, stomach, colon and gallbaldder |
| what are the four major types of body habitus? | sthenic (regular) hyposthenic asthenic (small) hypersthenic |
| what type of body habitus is considered average? | sthenic and hypostenic |
| what type of body habitus is considered extreme? | hypersthenic and asthenic |
| body habitus affects what? | positioning, image receptor selection and technique selection |
| what are the ten systems of the human body? | skeletal, integumentary (skin), muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, endocrine (glands) and the nervous system |
| skeletal | bones and adjacent joints |
| integumentary | external covering of the body, including the skin, hair, nails and sweat glands |
| muscular | biological system of humans that allows them to move internally and externally |
| circulatory | made up of the heart vessels and lymphatics |
| respiratory | the lungs , airways, diaphragm, windpipe, throat, mouth, and nasal passages. responsible for supplying blood to the body |
| urinary | produces, stores and eliminates urine. includes two ureters, two kidneys, the bladder and the urethra |
| reproductive | interactions of organs within an organism that strictly pertain to reproduction |
| endocrine | small organs that involve the release of hormones that assist in puberty, tissue function and growth |
| nervous | highly specialized tissue network whose principal component is neurons |
| what are some bone functions? | attachment for muscles, mechanical basis for movement, protection of internal organs, support frame for body, storage for calcium and the production of red and white blood cells |
| total of bones in the body? | 206 |
| axial skeleton | 80 |
| appendicular skeleton | 126 |
| axial skeleton | supports and protects the head and trunk (including the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs) |
| periosteum | is the outer fibrous connective tissue that covers bone |
| cortical or compact bone | strong dense outer layer of the bone |
| cancellous or spongy bone | forms majority at the end of long bones and is porous. also contains a spiculated network called trabeculae |
| what are some general bone features? | trabeculae filled with red and yellow marrow. red marrow produces red and white blood cells. yellow marrow stores fat cells (adipose) |
| medullary cavity | central cavity of long bones, contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow. red marrow found at the epiphysis of long bones |
| endosteum | inner covering that lines the medullary cavity |
| what are two processes of bone development? | intermembranous (flat bones) and endochondral (long bones) |
| flat bones | formed by intermembranous ossification |
| short, irregular, and long bones | created by endochondral ossification |
| primary ossification | begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones (diaphysis) |
| secondary ossification | occurs after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones (epiphyses) |
| growth plate | called the epiphyseal plate which is made out of hyaline cartilage |
| epiphysis | end of the long bone separated from the main bone by a layer of hyaline cartilage |
| diaphysis | the shaft of the long bone between the epiphyses |
| metaphysis | portion of a long bone between the epiphyses and the diaphysis once a bone stops growing |
| five classification types of bones | long , flat, short, irregular and sesamoid bones |
| example of long bones | femur and humerus which consist of a body and two articular ends which provide support |
| example of short bones | carpals and tarsals which provide limited motion |
| example of flat bones | two plates of compact bone, ribs, sternum, scapula and cranium |
| diploe | middle layer of cancellous (spongy)bone |
| example of irregular bones | vertebrae and facial bones which serve as attachments for ligaments, muscles and tendons |
| example of a sesamoid bone | the patella which is developed inside and beside tendons |
| Arthrology | the study of joints, or articulations between bones |
| arthrology is classified by which two ways? | functionally (how it works) and structurally more widely used(how its made). |
| three subdivisions based on the mobility of joint | Synarthroses = immovable Amphiarthroses = slightly movable Diarthroses = freely movable |
| three types of structural classification based on connective tissues | fibrous = synarthrodal cartilaginous = amphiarthrodal synovial = diarthrodal |
| name three types of fibrous joints? | syndemosis, sutures, and gomphosis |
| example of fibrous joint/syndemosis | inferior tibiofibular joint |
| example of fibrous joint/suture | sutures in the skull, parietal/coronal etc. |
| example of fibrous joint/gomphosis | peridontal ligaments |
| name two types of cartilaginous joints? | symphysis and synchondrosis |
| example of symphysis | pubic symphysis |
| example of synchodrosis | epiphyseal plate |
| synovial joints | are diarthrodal, freely movable enclosed by articular capsule and have miniscus and bursae |
| meniscus | shock absorber |
| bursae | sac of fluid |
| articular surface | ends of bones forming the joints; thin layer of cortical over cancellous |
| articular cartilage | covers both ends, layer of hyaline cartilage which acts as a shock absorber |
| articular capsule | membrane that completely surrounds the joint; composed of two layers. |
| articular capsule/fibrous layer | outer layer which connects capsule to periosteum of the bone |
| articular capsule/synovial membrane | inner layer forms the lining for joint cavity; produces thick yellow fluid to reduce friction (synovial fluid) |
| meniscus | pad of fibrocartilage which surrounds the joints. shock absorber |
| bursae | fluid filled sacs outside the joint cavity that help reduce friction. found between skin and bone, tendon and bone or muscle and bone |
| ligaments | fibrous tissue which connects two bones. provides support and strengthens the joints |
| tendons | small cord like tissue that connects muscle to bone |
| muscle | crosses the joint and also gives additional support |
| name the six synovial joints? | gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball in socket |
| gliding joint | simplest synovial joint, uniaxial movement characterized by flat or slightly curved surfaces that slide over each other during movement |
| example of a gliding joint | intercarpal and intertarsal joints |
| hinge joint | permits flexion and extension only; uniaxial. |
| example of hinge joint | elbow or knee |
| pivot joint | allows rotation around a single axis; rounded bone is encircled by a ring of cartilage or bone. uniaxial |
| example of pivot joint | atlantoaxial joint (c1-c2) radioulnar joint |
| ellipsoid joint | allows flexion,entension,abduction,adduction and circumduction. allows movement in two directions at right angles. biaxial. |
| examples of ellipsoid joint | radiocarpal (wrist) joint and MCPJ |
| saddle joint | allows movement similar to ellipsoid; biaxial. difference is in the shape of the articular surface |
| example of a saddle joint | thumb/tibiotailor |
| ball and socket joint | permits widest range of motion; multiaxial movement. round head of one bone fits into a cup shaped depression of another bone. allows flexion,extension,abduction,adduction,circuction,and rotation |
| examples of ball and socket joint | hip and shoulder |
| processes or projections | out from the main body of the bone |
| depressions | hollow or depressed area |
| fractures | disruption, break in the bone |
| condyle | rounded projection ex. femur |
| coracoid or coronoid | beak like process ex. scapula |
| crest | narrow ridge of bone |
| epicondyle | rounded process above bigger condyle |
| facet | process, small smooth articular surface |
| hamulus | hook like process that comes off bones |
| head | expanded ends of long bones |
| horn | pointed projection |
| line | linear, not as prominent as a crest, process that comes off a bone |
| malleolus | club shaped process, mallali at distal end of fib-tib |
| protuberance | an elevated projection or projection or process |
| spine | crest, spinous process |
| styloid | projections of bones |
| trochanter | round elevated process of femur ex. greater and lesser trochanter |
| tubercle | really small ex. humerus |
| tuberosity | intermediate ex. tibial tuberosity |
| fissure | narrow slit, cleft or groove |
| foramen | hole in bone |
| fossa | pit or hollow space ex. glenoid fossa |
| groove | shallow linear channel |
| meatus | tubelike passage ex. EAM external auditory meatus |
| notch | indentation in a bone ex. ulna radius sits in the notch |
| sinus | a recess groove cavity or hollow space ex. sinuses |
| sulcus | furrow or trench ex. central sulcus in the brain` |
| aperature | a hole or opening |
| foramen | a hole or opening |
| hiatus | opening or a gap ex. asophgheal hiatus |
| orifice | an opening into an organ ex. cardiac orifice/opening between esophagus and stomach |
| Os | opening or mouth |
| ostium | small opening or orifice ex. fallopian tubes |
| lumen | hollow opening, cavity of organ |
| porus | pore, skin |
| incisura | notch, cleft |
| meatus | tubelike (EAM)passage |
| capitulum | means little head |
| neck | adjacent to a head ex. femur |
| body/shaft | principle part of the body of a long bone |
| Ala | means a wing, pelvis also fossa |
| fovea | depression, small pit |
| hilus | depression indentation on the surface of an organ |
| tail | tapered end of a structure |
| lobe | sud division of an organ |
| lobule | sub division of a lobe |
| segment | unit of structure with its own blood supply |
| extremity | the end of a long bone, epipyseal segment |
| apex | pointed end of a structure |
| base | a broad flat end of a structure |
| ventral | means the front, anterior |
| dorsal | back or posterior, back of the hand |
| internal | means on the inside of the body |
| intrinsic | apart of the organ, avioli to the lungs |
| closed fracture | fracture that has not broken the skin |
| open fracture | fracture that has broken the skin |
| non-displaced fracture | fracture that is still in alignment. will always be a closed fracture. |
| displaced fracture | fracture that needs to be physically placed back into position. |
| compression fracture | fracture caused by force |
| compound (open) fracture | fracture that disrupts the skin |
| simple fracture | fracture that is non-displaced |
| greenstick | fracture that is caused when the outer layers of the bone break. ex. seen more in kids/outer are disrupted |
| transverse fractures | fractures that break straight across |
| spiral or oblique fractures | fractures that break in the bone at an angle |
| comminuted fractures | fractures that have fragments |
| impacted fractures | dent in the bone, also called depressed fractures |
| what are the four basic types of tissues? | epithelium, connective, muscular, and nervous |
| epithelium tissue | lines the cavities throughout the body. ex. body orifices which have no blood vessels |
| epithelium cells are classified by which three factors? | shape, stratification, and specializations |
| what are the three types of cartilage? | hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic |
| what are the three types of connective tissue? | cartilage, bone, and blood |
| what are four functions of the skin? | protection, excretion, regulation, and sensation |
| what are the layers of the skin? | epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
| what are the five layers of the epidermis? | stratum corneum,translucent layer, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale |
| germinal layer | gives pigment |
| appendages of the skin | hair and nails |
| anterior = | ventral |
| posterior = | dorsal |
| caudad/caudal | toward the toes |
| cephalad/cephalic | towards the head |
| superior | above |
| inferior | below |
| central | toward the midline |
| peripheral | towards the outside |
| medial | towards middle section of the body |
| lateral | towards the outside of the body |
| superficial | near the skin or surface |
| deep | far from surface |
| distal | farthest from point of origin |
| proximal | near the point of attachment or origin |
| external | outside the body or part; away from body |
| internal | inside, toward the body |
| parietal | wall |
| visceral | organ |
| ipsilateral | same side of body |
| contralateral | opposite side of body |
| palmer | palm surface of hand,anterior |
| plantar | bottom of foot |
| dorsum | back of hand or top of foot |
| projection | path of central ray ex. AP/PA/(R)LATERAL/(L) LATERAL |
| position | supine,prone etc ex. RAO/LAO/RPO/LPO |
| view | what the image receptor sees |
| method | named after scientist |
| AP | anterior to posterior |
| PA | posterior to anterior |
| AXIAL | |
| tangential | skimming a part |
| lateral | lateral shaft of bone |
| oblique | axial projection |
| what are some general body positions? | upright, seated, recumbent, supine, prone, and oblique |
| trendeleburgs position | feet are higher than the head |
| fowlers position | head higher than feet |
| sims' position | lying on left side with right leg in front |
| decubitus position | projection horizontal to floor |
Created by:
eckoultd1972
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