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Fundamentals of Rad
Fundamentals of radiologic technology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the Fundamentals of Radiologic Technology? | History, Professionalism, X ray Production and Protection. |
| Who discovered x rays? | Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen |
| What was the date of x rays discovery? | Nov 8, 1895 |
| Where were x rays discovered? | Wirsburg, Germany |
| What is a Crookes Tube? | A partially evacuated blown glass tube which investigates the conduction of cathode rays. |
| What are cathode rays? | Electrons |
| How were x rays discovered? | Wilhelm Roentgen was experimenting with a Crookes tube when he discovered x rays. |
| what type of charge is an anode? | Positive charge. |
| What type of charge is a canode? | Negative charge. |
| Who discovered the hand held fluoroscope? | Thomas Edison |
| Who discovered how x rays were actually absorbed by the bones? | Albert Einstein/photoelectric absorbtion |
| What creates the contrast in an image? | Photoelectric absorption |
| Who discovered x ray scatter? | Arthur Compton |
| What can cause scatter effects on x ray images? | Adipose tissue, muscle and pathology can produce scatter. |
| Who was the first person to have an x ray related death? | Clarence Dally died in 1904 |
| what is JRCERT? | Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology |
| what is JCAHO ? | Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations |
| what does the certification RT stand for? | Registered technologist |
| Who discovered Uranium? | Henri Becquerel in 1896 |
| Who discovered radium and polonium? | Marie Curie |
| Define matter? | anything that occupies up space and has form. |
| What are the 3 states of matter? | gas, liquid and solid. |
| Define mass? | the quantity of matter. |
| How many (kg) make up 2.2 pounds? | 1 kilogram (kg)= 2.2 lbs |
| Define energy? | the ability to do work |
| Energy at rest is called what? | potential energy |
| Energy in motion is called what? | kinetic energy. ex. heat, light and x rays |
| Energy in motion at the atomic or molecular level is called? | thermal energy. |
| What are some forms of electromagnetic energy? | x-rays, radio frequency waves, microwaves and visible light. |
| In the equation E=mc(2)what does each letter stand for? | energy = mass x constant |
| What is radiography? | imaging modality that uses x-ray film or computer matrix and x-ray tube that provides static images |
| What is Fluoroscopy? | imaging modality that provides a continuous image of the motion of internal structures. |
| Fluoroscopic c-arm and o- arms are used where? | operating room |
| What is tomography? | imaging modality used to blur out unwanted anatomy by moving the x ray tube and (IR) in opposite directions |
| Define (IR)? | medium that transforms x ray beam into a visible image |
| What are three types of image receptors? | film,computed radiography or CR/imaging plate and DR or digital imaging/flat panel detector |
| What is the central ray? | the center of the x-ray beam that interacts with the (IR) or image receptor |
| What is a photon? | A discrete form of energy that is an invisible beam |
| What is used by computed radiography (CR)to capture images? | A computer and imaging plate |
| What is used by Digital Radiography (DR)to capture images? | A computer is used to capture directly and indirectly on a flat panel |
| What is Film/Screen Imaging? | image captured by film/cassette |
| What is a radiograph? | An image on film |
| What is an image? | on computer matrix not a picture |
| Supine(soup) means ? | lying down on your back face up |
| Prone means? | lying on your stomach face down |
| Decubitus and Recumbent means? | the act of lying down |
| The angle of degrees is? | Oblique |
| What is another name for anterior? | ventral |
| What is another name for posterior? | dorsal |
| Define projection? | path of the central ray |
| Define view? | what the (IR) image receptor sees |
| Define position? | the way the patient is placed in |
| what is an x-ray? | a form of electromagnetic radiation |
| there are eight types of electromagnetic radiation, which are ionizing? | cosmic, gamma, xray, and UV |
| the other four types of non-ionizing radiation are? | visible light, infrared, microwaves and radio frequency waves |
| define applitude? | the height of a wave |
| ionizing radiation is harmful becuase? | the atom gains or looses an electron |
| define wavelength? | the distance between two waves |
| define angstrom? | unit of measurement of wavelength |
| what is the average wavelength for diagnostic xrays? | 0.1-0.5 A (degree sign) |
| define frequency? | number of wavelengths per unit measure |
| define hertz? | unit of measurement in physics (hz) |
| what are some of the 12 properties of EM or electromagentic radiation? | invisible highly penetrated, travel in straight line, travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, can not be focused by a lens, ionize matter,produce secoundary and scatter radiation |
| what is a atom? | the smallest part of an element |
| what shell has the highest binding energy? | k the inner most shell has the highest binding energy |
| define electron cascading? | when an outside electron starts filling the inner shell holes |
| what makes up the atomic number? | the number of protons in the nucleus which is also equal to the same number of electrons |
| what is the atomic mass? | the total mass of protons,neutrons and electrons |
| what is an isotope? | an element with the same number of protons and different number of neurons |
| where are xrays produced? | in hot cathode coolidge tubes which are encased in lead |
| components of a coolidge tube | glass or metal envelope surrounded by oil or fanned air and a lead tube housing |
| what is the glass made out of | pyrex |
| glass or metal envelope | houses negative and positive electrodes and provides a vacuum for free flow of e- stream |
| lead housing | protects from leakage radiation and acts as a ground ex. <100 mR/hour at 1 m from tube |
| positive electrode anode | normally mounted at head end of table, tungsten-rhenium target. 1. high melting point 3300-3410 degrees celcius. 2. good conductor of heat. 3. high atomic mass number of 74. 4. k-shell binding energy of 69 |
| target | stops e-, converts kinetic energy into 99% thermal and 1% x ray |
| old target | embedded in copper block caused melting and pitting |
| target of today | rotating rotor with ball bearings to dissipate heat produced 3,300-10,000 rpm |
| negative electrode cathode | dual focused coils of tungsten filament wire. thermionic emission supply free e-. also surrounded by metal focusing cup which focuses e- stream from filament on to target of anode |
| what are the steps of x ray production? | thermiotic emission from filament- rotor stage focusing of e- stream focusing cup potential difference-exposure stage which causes excess e- from filament to flow to target method of stopping-target, giving off thermal, light and x ray |
| what are the two types of radiation emission? | bremsstrahlung and characteristic |
| brems-braking | e-s approach the nucleus of tungsten electrons but don't have enough energy to cause ionization. force of attraction slows e-s which change direction and continue on. loss of energy in form of bremms radiation |
| characteristic x ray | incoming e- has enough energy to overcome k shell binding energy of 69, causes loss of e-(free e-)which in turn starts e- cascading. gives off characteristic x rays |
| gamma | naturally occurring and come from within the nucleus (NM) |
| beta particles | high speed e-s (electrons) |
| alpha particles | by particles of radiation decay |
| neurons | used in radiation therapy |
| penetration distances | alpha = paper beta = plastic gamma and x rays = lead |
| common interactions in the body | photoelectric absorption, majority of interactions and gives black and white contrast to images |
| compton scatter | diagnostics x ray range 40-150 kvp. scatter fogs image, too much = less contrast, fogs image, majority backscatter 180 degrees |
| tissue density/air | easiest to penetrate |
| tissue density/bone | hardest to penetrate (more absorption)more water content= increased s/s (scatter) |
| mA | (mA)milliamperage; quantity of radiation |
| amperage | unit of measure of current (flow of electrons) filament current 3-5 amps |
| tube current | we set by selecting mA depends on part size milli- 1/1000 |
| What does mA control? | patient dose, density - degree of blackening on the image receptor (related to radiograph). image brightness - measurement of luminance on digital image/ computer matrix |
| kVp | (kVp)also (kv) kilovolts peak beam quality energy or penetration abilty |
| how is kVp controlled? | controlled by potential difference between filament and cathode unit of measure voltage kilo - 1000 ex. kvp 70 for abdomen = 70000 volts |
| kVp controls? | black, white and gray scale |
| radiographic contrast | density differences between adjacent areas |
| image contrast | default processing algorithm which signal differences between adjacent areas |
| ALARA | as low as reasonably possible higher kvp so more penetration lower mA so less quantity |
| CR -S exposure index | computed radiography 100-200 range underexposed/grainy image repeat overexposed/not good for ALARA |
| DR -DAP EXI | digital radiography - dose area product 125-500- direct relationship film and DR images |
| radiation safety/ film screen | only on film screen can you see over or underexposed images |
| exposure time | duration of exposure fractions, seconds, and ms. as short as possible to reduce motion blur on image. also to control voluntary and involuntary motion |
| SID | source to image receptor distance as long practical less patient dose and less chance of size distortion 40-48" chest table 72" chest upright wall bucky |
| mAs | mA x time = quantity & time indirect relationship increase mA, decrease time to have constant mAs ex. mas set higher for quantity on abdomen and kvp would be less |
| basic radiation protection | time as short as possible distance as long as possible ISL inverse square law gamma v xray shielding/lead |
| walls/primary barrier | 1/16" pb and concrete from floor up to 7' protects from primary beam |
| walls/secondary barrier | from top of primary to ceiling with 1/2" overlap; 1/32" lead (pb) equivalent protects from scatter and leakage |
| lead aprons | .5mm lead equivalent |
| glasses thyroid shields, gloves, lead drapes, bucky slot cover | .25mm lead equivalent |
| lead protection for patients | .25mm lead equivalent flat contact, shadow, moveable, shaped, lens and breast |
| rules for applying lead shielding | patient of child bearing age 0- 55yrs does not cover anatomy of interest gonads within 5cm. do not use shield and do sloppy work which requires repeat |
| how to handle pregnant patients | posting, informed consent, questioning adolescents/adults |
| roentgen (r) | exposure in air of x or gamma(skin dose to patient) |
| gray (rad) | absorbed dose of any radiation in any tissue |
| sievert (rem) | dose equivalent for personnel - absorbed dose and factors in energy of radiation exposed to for more accurate measure |
| 1 gray = | 100 rad |
| 1 sievert = | .001 rem |
| sV = | gy x weighing factor |
| occupational (whole body) stochastic effects | 50 msv (5rem)/year if less than 18 yo 1 msv (.1 rem) |
| occupational deterministic effects | 500 msv (50 rem)/year- hands, feet, and other organs 150 msv (15 rem)/year - lens |
| occupational embryo/fetal effects | 5 msv (.5 rem)/gestation .5 msv (.05 rem)/ month fetal monitor |
| whole body continuous | 1 msv (.1 rem)/year |
| whole body infrequent | 5 msv(.5 rem)/year |
| others | 1/10 occupational |
Created by:
eckoultd1972
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