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Pyschology final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define "norms" | expected ways of behaving |
| what are explicit norms? example | directly stated ways of behaving ex.:driving rules |
| what are implicit norms? example | not directly stated, but implied ways of behaving ex.:personal space |
| define characteristics | a feature that helps distinguish something |
| which is more true? birds of a feather flock together, or opposites attract? | birds of a feather flock together |
| define attitudes | something that represents an individual's degree of like or dislike for an item |
| define social facilitation; how does it apply to working in groups? | the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks when in the presence of other people |
| define evaluation apprehension; how is it connected to social facilitation? | performance will be enhanced or impaired only in the presence of persons who can approve or disapprove our actions. |
| define social loafing; why do people loaf? | people exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone |
| define group polarization; how can it occur in groups and what is the danger of it? | the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. |
| what are the 3 leadership styles and their characteristics? | autocratic style, democratic style, and laissez-faire style |
| autocratic leadership style: | -leader alone makes decisions without consulting other members of the group -most work completed; poor quality and creativity |
| democratic leadership style: | -leader involves people in decision making -fewer completed; better quality and more creativity |
| laissez-faire leadership style: | -leader's involvement is minimized -least productive; participants showed little cooperation |
| what was Stanley Milgram interested in studying? | why people just follow orders |
| what were the basic procedures in Milgram's experiment? | -have a volunteer running a machine hooked up to a person (in on the experiment)that would deliver electric shocks if the person in the chair got the question wrong -increase voltage for every wrong answer, to a lethal voltage |
| what were the results of Milgram's expiriment? (how many people delivered the highest voltage?) | a majority of the people delivered the highest voltage |
| what does Milgram's experiment tell us about ordinary people? | that people will do what they are told, even if they dont want to |
| what was Solomon Asch studying? | will a person go along with what a group of people is saying if they dont know the answer? |
| what were the procedures of Asch's experiment? | have a group of people do/say the same things, and see if the person not in on the test does the same thing as the rest of the group |
| what were the results of Asch's experiment? | 37% of the people would go along with what the other people said/did |
| define Spotlight effect | overestimating people noticing things about you |
| how did Thomas Gilovich scientifically study the spotlight effect? | participants were asked to wear an embarassing shirt and go into a room full of people and estimate how many people in the room would notice that they were wearing an embarrassing shirt. |
| what were the results of Gilovich's experiment on the spotlight effect? | most people guessed 50%, when only 23% of the people in the room actually noticed |
| define persuasion | influencing a person's feelings towards something |
| how does a central route message try to persuade someone? | uses evidence and logical arguments to persuade people |
| how does a peripheral route message try to persuade someone? | indirect; attempts to associate objects, people, or events with positive or negative cues |
| how does the foot-in-the-door effect work? | people give in to major demand once they have given in to minor ones |
| what is an emotional appeal? | persuasion by arousing feelings like loyalty, desire, or fear |
| how is an emotional appeal used to persuade someone? | arouses feelings, like on ASPCA commercials |
| define two-sided arguements | gives both sides (pros, cons) of competition |
| how is a two sided argument different from a one sided argument? | being presented only one side of information, like an iphone v. android, and only being told good stuff about the iphone |
| which is more persuasive, a one sided or a two sided argument? | two sided |
| what are the characteristics of a persuasive messenger? | -experts on the subject -trustworthy -physically attractive -similar to audience in ethnicity, age or other physical characteristics |
| define independent variables | stays the same |
| define dependent variables | changes |
| what is the purpose of a control group? | comparison group |
| what is the purpose of an experimental group? | to compare to the control group |
| define psychology | the scientific study of the human mind and its functions |
Created by:
laura_k
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